While most attention has focused on the railway linking Rwanda and Tanzania, plans also exist for connections with Kenya, Uganda, and South Sudan under the Northern Corridor initiatives.
The project, expected to facilitate trade and travel, is particularly significant for Rwanda, a landlocked country heavily reliant on regional transport routes.
The planned route from Rusumo to Kigali will pass through the Dubai Ports area in Kicukiro and extend 18 kilometres further to the new Kigali International Airport in Bugesera.
Signed in March 2018, the 532-kilometre railway agreement has seen construction advance on the Tanzanian side. However, work on the Rwandan section remains on hold pending finalisation of cross-border agreements.
Emmanuel Nuwamanya, acting Head of Policy and Planning at the Ministry of Infrastructure, told discussions organised by the African Development Bank on Wednesday, November 12, 2025, that Rwanda’s feasibility studies are complete.
“The studies will guide the construction process. Now, it is a matter of seeing neighbouring countries begin their sections,” he said.
Rwanda plans to invest over $1.5 billion in its segment, while Tanzania, which hosts the larger portion, is expected to contribute more than $2.5 billion.
Officials note the railway could reduce transport costs by up to 40%, easing the movement of goods in and out of Rwanda. For traders, the project is especially significant, as 70% of Rwanda’s imports and exports pass through the port of Dar es Salaam.
The project, long anticipated for over 20 years, is expected to strengthen regional trade links and integrate Rwanda more fully into East Africa’s transport network.
Speaking before the Fourth Committee on Special Political and Decolonisation, Rwanda’s Military Advisor Col. Deo Mutabazi expressed concern that peacekeeping missions are being forced to “achieve less with less” as the UN grapples with a liquidity crisis.
“We are holding this debate when peacekeeping missions are facing a substantial liquidity crisis that has led to major downsizing, with the risk of losing the hard-earned gains on the ground,” Col. Mutabazi said, describing recent percentage cuts to missions as “unfair and non-transparent.”
Rwanda, which currently ranks among the world’s top contributors to UN peace operations, continues to play a vital role in global peacekeeping efforts. According to the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, as of September 2025, Rwanda was the second-largest troop-contributing country with 5,885 personnel, following Nepal with 6,031. Other leading contributors include Bangladesh (5,649), India (5,206), and Indonesia (2,731).
{{Addressing root causes of conflict
}}
Col. Mutabazi emphasised that the UN should place greater focus on addressing the root causes of conflict rather than relying heavily on military responses. He noted that sustainable peace depends on tackling governance challenges, corruption, discrimination, and poverty, issues that often fuel instability.
“No amount of capabilities, technologies, and even training to effectively protect civilians than investing in creating conducive conditions for peace through political dialogue for conflict resolution, an area that UN peacekeeping has invested less in,” he stressed.
{{Unrealistic mandates undermine trust
}}
The Rwandan representative criticised what he termed “unrealistic mandates”, which he said often undermine trust between peacekeeping missions and host nations. He called for a review of the penholdership system, warning that current practices risk turning mission mandates into “Christmas trees” that serve interests beyond those of the host country.
“It is time to rethink the penholdership that has led to mandates serving other interests than the host nation’s,” he said, adding that peacekeeping should not pursue military solutions to inherently political problems.
Col. Mutabazi also backed UN Security Council Resolution 2719, which supports stronger partnerships between the UN and regional forces in peace enforcement operations.
{{Ensuring legal clarity
}}
Rwanda further called for peacekeeping mandates to undergo legal scrutiny before approval to ensure that missions do not inadvertently associate with sanctioned groups.
“Maintaining legal clarity is essential to uphold both the legitimacy and effectiveness of UN peacekeeping,” Col. Mutabazi stated.
{{Strengthening community engagement
}}
Addressing the challenge of operating with reduced resources, Rwanda proposed community engagement initiatives as a cost-effective way to enhance civilian protection. The approach includes local partnerships on health, sanitation, environmental protection, and education.
According to Col. Mutabazi, such initiatives “build trust between peacekeepers, local leaders and communities,” while countering misinformation, disinformation, and hate speech that often fuel tensions in conflict zones.
Concluding his remarks, Col. Mutabazi reaffirmed Rwanda’s enduring commitment to peacekeeping and paid tribute to those who have lost their lives in the pursuit of global stability.
“Rwanda remains dedicated to supporting peace efforts and honours the brave peacekeepers who paid the ultimate sacrifice in the quest for peace and security,” he said.
Six years later, the Managing Director of Fortis Green Holdings calls Kigali home, a place where business, purpose, and family have found a shared rhythm. The holding company, active in renewable energy, has expanded into housing and now manages 36 assets across eight countries in Africa.
{{From Sierra Leone to Kigali
}}
Shafer’s African journey began long before Rwanda. In 2008, he moved to Sierra Leone, where he spent nearly seven years investing and working in one of West Africa’s toughest environments.
“It’s where I fell in love with the idea of using business not just to make money, but to make a difference in people’s lives,” he recalls.
After returning to the United States, he and his wife knew they would eventually come back to Africa. Their decision to settle in Kigali, he says, was primarily a family choice.
“We wanted a city that gives us the highest probability of not burning out, safety, pace of life, and access to the rest of the continent. Kigali just felt right.”
Today, the Shafers are firmly rooted. His wife works at the International School of Kigali, their two children are thriving, and the family is building a home in Kibagabaga. “Now that we’re here, this is really where we’re supposed to be,” he says with conviction.
Arriving only two months before Covid-19, Shafer witnessed Kigali’s transformation from lockdown quiet to post-pandemic vibrancy.
“What’s happened since then, from tourism to sports and infrastructure, is incredible,” he says. “It’s an honour to be in Rwanda during this phase of its journey.”
{{A mission to bridge capital and impact
}}
Through Fortis Green Holdings, Shafer is working to solve a global problem: the lack of electricity affecting more than 600 million Africans. His mission is to attract American capital to invest in sustainable African infrastructure that delivers both financial and social returns.
“Rwanda offers the perfect balance,” he notes. “There’s institutional stability, rule of law, and a genuine partnership spirit from government agencies like REG, EUCL, MININFRA, and RDB.”
Fortis Green today owns three power plants in Rwanda, including the 8.5 MW Agahozo Shalom solar farm, the Rwaza hydropower plant near Musanze, and another project in Nyamasheke.
Beyond the energy itself, Shafer finds meaning in the land that hosts the Agahozo Shalom Youth Village, once home to orphans from the Genocide against the Tutsi and now a haven for vulnerable youth.
“Paying rent there supports their work. We even employ graduates from that school. It’s humbling.”
{{Building the Masaka eco-estate
}}
Last month, Fortis Green broke ground on the Masaka Views Eco-Estate, a $25 million (approximately Rwf 36 billion) project that merges sustainability with community living. Spread over seven hectares, the development includes 33 townhouses, 51 family homes, and about 300 apartments, mixing for-sale and for-rent models.
“Most developers build to sell. We build to own and rent because we believe in Rwanda’s growth story. Selling today means giving up the future value we know this economy will create,” Shafer explains the long-term vision.
He adds that the housing component will play a critical role in supporting broader national development, particularly in the upcoming Masaka Medical City.
“This is core infrastructure that’s required for the Masaka Medical City to operate effectively. As we continue to expand Kigali’s housing stock, we’re creating environments where families and workers can live, thrive, and ultimately go out and impact the economy more broadly.”
The project will deliver its first homes by early 2026 and the first apartments within 12 months. Each unit is designed with EDGE certification, a global green-building standard that ensures energy and water efficiency, solar water heating, and sustainable materials.
Fortis Green offers three finishing options, from basic shell units to luxury packages, giving families flexibility in choosing their home. Three- and four-bedroom single-family houses are priced between $120,000 and $135,000, appealing to middle-income buyers seeking more flexible financing options.
“We want to be here long term,” Shafer stresses. “Our goal is to make quality housing attainable without compromising sustainability.”
{{Nurturing wellness and community
}}
Fortis Green’s philosophy extends past walls and roofs. The Masaka Eco-Estate is designed as a living community with gardens, recreation areas, and wellness spaces.
“In 18 to 24 months, we’ll have 400 families living there,” Shafer says. “We take that seriously.”
Plans include community gardens, yoga and exercise classes, and partnerships with mental-health professionals.
“We’re still developing these programs, but we want to promote holistic well-being, physical, mental, spiritual, and social.”
{{Rwanda’s investment advantage
}}
Having worked in more than 15 African countries, Shafer considers Rwanda’s environment unique.
“The professionalism and predictability are unmatched. You can register a business in 24–48 hours, meet officials who show up on time, and have zero tolerance for corruption. That gives investors confidence.”
Most of Fortis Green’s funding comes from the United States, complemented by local financing such as loans from the Development Bank of Rwanda (BRD). Shafer believes Rwanda’s consistency and transparency are key to attracting more international capital.
“The best way to build trust is through success stories,” he says. “Rwanda is already providing that.”
{{Jobs, growth, and the next chapter
}}
Fortis Green employs about 40 people across its energy and housing divisions. The Masaka project alone will engage 300 to 400 workers daily during construction.
“Our bigger impact,” Shafer notes, “is in powering and housing the infrastructure that keeps Rwanda’s economy growing.”
The company plans to build 10,000 housing units in 10 years, with several new projects set to be announced soon. Meanwhile, its second energy fund, Green Fund II, targeting $100 million (Rwf 145 billion), is due to launch next year to expand renewable investments across Africa.
{{Basketball, community, and family life
}}
Outside the boardroom, Shafer’s passion takes him to the court. A former college basketball player, he co-founded the Kigali Hoops League, a youth program that trains over 100 children in the Rwandan capital.
“We get the opportunity to play on some courts around the city. We play at Zaria Court on Saturday mornings, and I’d say it’s probably the best thing I’ve started in Kigali on a personal level,” he shares.
At home, family remains his grounding force. “Our kids have grown up here,” he reflects. “They get to be children longer, with fewer distractions. We’re grateful for that.”
As for his long-term vision, Shafer says his goal is to make Fortis Green a trusted pathway for American investors, creating opportunities that deliver both financial returns and real impact for African communities.
“We’re here to stay. We’re building a lasting business and, hopefully, a legacy that endures here in Rwanda,” he concludes.
Watch Jonathan Shafer’s full exclusive interview with IGIHE below.
The Minister of Infrastructure, Dr Jimmy Gasore, presented the policy to the Chamber of Deputies, saying it seeks to ensure sustainable, well-planned, and inclusive cities while tackling informal settlements.
The plan aims to increase the proportion of citizens living in urban areas from 27.9% in 2022 to 52% by 2035 and 70% by 2050.
The policy also targets the improvement of existing informal settlements and the creation of safe, economically vibrant, and environmentally friendly cities. It is based on four key pillars: collaboration between government institutions, the private sector and partners; efficient use of land through high-density settlements; improved social welfare; and economic development.
{{Defining affordable housing
}}
During the parliamentary session, MP Izere Ingrid Marie Parfaite asked what affordable housing means for Rwandans, noting that homes currently cost between Frw 25 million and Frw 40 million, which remain beyond the reach of many citizens.
Dr Gasore explained that housing affordability is usually measured by whether a household pays more than one-third of its income on housing.
“If you rent a house and pay more than a third of your income, you are living in an expensive house. If you take a loan and pay more than a third of your income, you are in an expensive house. That is why, when we talk about affordable housing, we look at the lowest possible cost at which a house can be provided here in Kigali and still be affordable,” he said.
Dr Gasore noted that, given current income levels and construction costs, strict international affordability standards may not always be feasible in Rwanda.
“Today, the houses costing between Frw 25 million and Frw 40 million are what we consider affordable. We are not strictly following the one-third rule; rather, we are looking at what is technically feasible while keeping in mind that there are people who do not have that money and still need a place to live,” he added.
Plans also include providing one-room units for rent to accommodate low-income earners, ensuring access to housing even for those who cannot afford to purchase a home.
“Once the houses are built, we will also provide single-room units that people can rent according to their means,” the Minister noted.
{{Urban living standards
}}
Dr Gasore also highlighted that city residents must adjust to urban realities, including shared accommodation arrangements.
“People have to accept that in the city, they will live as city residents. There are things we must accept and prepare for accordingly,” he said.
He further emphasised that lowering rental costs will require greater government involvement in housing construction and increasing the overall supply of urban homes.
Dr Bizimana made the remarks on November 11, 2025, while appearing before the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) to discuss the implementation of resolutions adopted by the Chamber of Deputies.
The Chamber had earlier flagged issues in the construction of houses for vulnerable genocide survivors, particularly concerning poor smoke ventilation systems in kitchens.
The Director General of the Rwanda Housing Authority (RHA), Alphonse Rukaburandekwe, explained that the problem largely resulted from the use of unsuitable cooking materials by residents. He noted, however, that affected households are being sensitised to adopt safer cooking practices.
PAC Chairperson, MP Valens Muhakwa, questioned the explanation, pointing out that similar complaints had been recorded in different districts. He called for a fresh technical assessment to determine whether structural flaws might have occurred during construction and to ensure corrective action is taken.
Minister Bizimana acknowledged that while some of the issues are linked to how residents use the houses, others stem from construction errors. He assured that the matter is being addressed.
According to the Minister, 6,973 homes for vulnerable genocide survivors need to be rebuilt, and more than 29,000 others will have to be repaired. However, due to budget constraints, only 298 new houses are expected to be constructed during the current fiscal year, as MINUBUMWE received an allocation of Frw 5 billion.
Dr Bizimana further explained that a new integrated approach has been adopted to align housing support for genocide survivors with broader national programmes targeting vulnerable citizens.
“We have agreed that survivors of the Genocide against the Tutsi should no longer be treated as a separate category in housing projects. They will now be integrated with other vulnerable groups so that construction efforts move together,” he said.
“This approach not only promotes inclusion but also helps address the perception of genocide survivors as an isolated group.”
The Minister added that standard housing models have been approved to reduce construction costs and ensure uniformity across provinces and districts.
“Each province and district now has an approved design adapted to local building standards, which will help streamline implementation and control costs,” he noted.
Dr Bizimana explained that the new model will also give districts more autonomy in implementing housing projects. They will be able to work with local contractors or existing partners instead of relying exclusively on the Reserve Force (Inkeragutabara).
“We have agreed that where the Ministry of Defence finds it feasible for a district to construct houses at a lower cost through another contractor, the district will be authorised to award that contract. This flexibility will enable more houses to be built within the same budget,” he said.
Findings by RHA indicate that the cost of building one house varies significantly across districts, averaging Frw 17.3 million in Bugesera, Frw 16.5 million in Kayonza, and Frw 20 million in Nyamagabe.
Dr Bizimana cited an example from Rusizi District, where a house built by FPR Inkotanyi members for a vulnerable survivor cost just Rwf 9 million yet was sturdier than some that cost twice as much.
He concluded that empowering districts to oversee construction could lower costs and increase the number of houses built for survivors.
In today’s digital age, while social media serves as a tool for sharing ideas and promoting businesses, it is also misused to distort historical facts and spread misleading narratives.
To help provide a clearer understanding of Rwanda’s true history, we’ve compiled a list of books that offer valuable insights into the nation’s past, from its foundation to its post-genocide rebirth.
These books are available in various libraries in Rwanda and accessible via online bookstores.
{{1. Imizi y’u Rwanda (Umutumba wa Mbere, 2013)}}
Written by Jean de Dieu Nsanzabera, Imizi y’u Rwanda (Roots of Rwanda) is an essential read for anyone seeking to understand the origins of Rwanda.
It describes how Rwanda was founded, through the unification of 29 kingdoms, and the significant efforts of the kings of Gasabo in creating a unified nation.
The book details the historic agreement made in Nkotsi and Bikara (Musanze), which led to the formation of Rwanda.
This 440-page book is packed with details about the heroic struggles for Rwandan unity and the leaders who fought to preserve it.
{{2. Ibitaramo ku Mateka y’u Rwanda by Kagiraneza Zephyrin}}
This book, written by Kagiraneza Zephyrin and published in 1990, traces the history of Rwanda from its creation. It discusses the country’s borders at that time, the advent of white people, how its territories were taken away through deceit, and its early foreign diplomacy.
{{3. History of Rwanda: From the Beginning to the End of the 20th Century by the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission}}
This book was published by the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission in 2016, under supervision of Déo Byanafashe in collaboration with Paul Rutayisire.
It traces the origins of German influence in Rwanda and how they were later replaced by the Belgians, who immediately began efforts to divide the country and its people, leading Rwandans to realize that their situation had drastically changed.
The book also focuses on Rwanda’s history from the early 20th century until its end, examining the lives of Rwandans, politics, social relations, and development. It particularly highlights the impact of colonialism and how it sowed divisions, which ultimately led to the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
{{4. A Thousand Hills: Rwanda’s Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It by Stephen Kinzer}}
In this book, author Stephen Kinzer, published in 2008, focuses extensively on Rwanda’s journey after the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, highlighting the leadership of President Kagame, whose visionary approach enabled the country to rebuild and emerge stronger, leading to the Rwanda we see today.
Kinzer discusses Kagame’s early life, from being born and then sent into exile at just four years old, to developing revolutionary ideas that eventually led to the struggle for the country’s liberation. He also details Kagame’s role in halting the Genocide against the Tutsi.
The author further explores the journey of unity and reconciliation, as well as Rwanda’s development. Anyone who reads this book will gain a clear understanding of the political transformations, particularly the recent history of Africa.
{{5. Defeat Is the Only Bad News: Rwanda Under Musinga (1896-1931) by Alison Liebhafsky Des Forges}}
This book, written by Alison Liebhafsky Des Forges and published in 2011, focuses primarily on the reign of King Yuhi V Musinga and examines the colonial era during his reign, extending into the early 20th century.
Des Forges highlights the difficult times King Musinga faced, as the Belgians arrived during his rule and sought to impose their colonial ideas and governance on the Rwandan people.
The book explores the origins of the divisions in Rwanda that ultimately led to the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
{{6. Stepp’d in Blood: Akazu and the Architects of the Rwandan Genocide Against the Tutsi by Andrew Wallis}}
In this book, published by Andrew Wallis in 2018, the focus is on the history of Juvénal Habyarimana’s regime and the members of the ‘Akazu,’ (inner circle) a group largely composed of his family members, including his wife Agatha Kanziga, his brothers-in-law, and others known for their key roles in planning and executing the Genocide against the Tutsi.
The book delves into both the direct and indirect involvement of the Akazu members, their propaganda efforts, and their illicit business activities, including trading in precious minerals, drugs such as cocaine, trafficking of gorilla babies, and their role in the death of Dian Fossey, who had conducted research on gorillas.
Additionally, Wallis examines how the international community stood by while the Genocide against the Tutsi unfolded, failing to intervene or stop it.
This book provides a thorough understanding of the political landscape that led to the 1994 Genocide, which resulted in the deaths of over a million Tutsi.
{{7. Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era by J.J. Carney}}
This book authored by Carney, focuses extensively on the significant role the Catholic Church played in the governance of Rwanda, particularly its involvement in politics and ethnic divisions before the Genocide against the Tutsi.
The author investigates the Church’s collaboration with the colonizers and its role in the establishment of ethnic classifications and the ideologies associated with them.
He examines how these factors ultimately contributed to the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
{{8. L’État Français et le Génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda by Raphaël Doridant and François Graner}}
This book focuses on the role that France played in the Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda.
The author explains that France supported Habyarimana’s government both politically and militarily, which made the preparation and execution of the genocide possible.
The book discusses France’s actions both before and during the Genocide, as well as its post-genocide involvement.
It argues that these actions led Rwanda into a period of darkness, causing immense destruction and turning the country into a site of devastation.
Additionally, the book explores the roles of other countries in Rwanda’s history and their conduct during the Genocide against the Tutsi.
{{9. The Struggle for Liberation: War and Militarism in African History by John Burton Kegel}}
This book by John Burton Kegel was published in 2025. It discusses Rwanda from its roots, covering the periods before independence, as well as the administrations of Habyarimana and Kayibanda.
The book also explores the birth of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (FPR Inkotanyi), the Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA), and the launch of the struggle to liberate the country. It traces the journey of Rwanda’s reconstruction after the Genocide against the Tutsi.
{{10. Intwari z’Imbanza, zubatse u Rwanda rugahamya igitinyiro (Umutumba wa mbere, 2018)}}
This is one of the comprehensive books that documents the history of Rwanda, authored by the expert in Rwandan culture and history, Jean de Dieu Nsanzabera. The book covers the significant events in the history of the foundation of Rwanda (1091-2017).
It provides a thorough overview of the country’s evolution, from its establishment to its eventual decline and subsequent rebirth. It details how the process of building Rwanda was planned, implemented, and where it stands today, highlighting the contributions of those who shaped the nation during their time.
The book serves as a guide for those seeking to understand the history of each king who ruled Rwanda over the course of 870 years (1091-1961) and the impact of their reigns.
It also covers the actions taken by the Presidents after the monarchy transitioned to a republic. The history is traced from the era of King Gihanga Ngomijana to the time of President Paul Kagame, who was in power when this history was documented.
{{11. Les conditions de vie des Tutsi au Rwanda de 1959 à 1990 : Persécutions et massacres antérieurs au génocide de 1990 à 1994 by Antoine Mugesera}}
This book, written by Antoine Mugesera and published in 2015, focuses on the severe conditions that the Tutsi population endured between 1959, when they began to face persecution, killings, and displacement, and 1990, when those in exile decided to launch the struggle for the country’s liberation, allowing refugees to return home.
Antoine Mugesera, along with Kayitesi Judence who co-authored this work, were recently recognized as one of the top writers in 2025.
Succeeding Antoine Anfré, who served in Kigali for four years, Ambassador Aurélie Royet-Gounin arrives with extensive experience on the African continent, having previously worked in Kenya (2000–2003) and Senegal (2006–2009).
Speaking to IGIHE in an exclusive interview, Royet-Gounin admitted that before her appointment, her knowledge of Rwanda was limited to general impressions.
“I had heard a lot about Rwanda, but had never set foot here,” she said. “Before coming, I met with many people in Paris, from ministries, institutions, and organisations connected to Rwanda, to understand the country better and prepare for the mission.”
Her first impressions were striking. Upon arriving in Rwanda, she said what struck her most was the country’s uniqueness, describing it as “a very distinctive blend” unlike any other she had experienced.
“Every country has its own identity, but here there’s something truly special: the hills, the orderliness, the civility. People are determined, respectful, and remarkably calm,” she added, noting that the atmosphere of safety and courtesy makes life welcoming for a newcomer.
{{Between history and healing
}}
Royet-Gounin takes office at a delicate but hopeful moment in the relationship between France and Rwanda, still shaped by the legacy of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. She acknowledges that both sides have had to take difficult steps to rebuild trust.
“Our reconciliation, which culminated in 2021, required introspection from France and great generosity from Rwanda,” she said. “We have reset relations and now focus on mutual trust and cooperation.”
Central to France’s engagement, she said, are memory and justice. France has committed to preserving and teaching the history of Rwanda and the Genocide against the Tutsi through research, memorialisation, and education.
“That includes concrete projects: historical research, the creation of a memorial soon to be inaugurated in Paris, and educational programs in French schools to ensure that students understand and remember,” she said.
But the reconciliation narrative also carries a legal dimension. Over the past decade, France has faced mounting pressure to act against genocide fugitives living on its soil, and recent years have seen significant judicial progress.
Laurent Bucyibaruta, the former governor of Gikongoro, was sentenced in Paris in 2022 to 20 years for complicity in genocide, while Philippe Hategekimana, a former Rwandan gendarme who had obtained French nationality, was convicted in 2023 and sentenced to life imprisonment. Another case, that of Sosthène Munyemana, a former doctor accused of involvement in killings in Butare, has been on trial since late 2023.
Félicien Kabuga, long considered the “financier” of the genocide, was arrested in 2020 near Paris after 26 years on the run and extradited to The Hague. Though declared unfit to stand trial due to dementia, his arrest remains a significant moment.
“France is firmly committed to fighting impunity,” Royet-Gounin said, emphasising close cooperation between France’s National Anti-Terrorism Prosecutor’s Office and Rwanda’s Office of the Prosecutor General.
{{Development beyond diplomacy
}}
Beyond the courtroom and symbolic reconciliation, France’s relationship with Rwanda has become increasingly developmental. The French Development Agency (AFD) has invested heavily in Rwanda since the 2021 relaunch of cooperation.
France pledged €500 million in 2021 and an additional €400 million in 2024 to finance joint projects. These include the rehabilitation of Ruhengeri Hospital, vocational training programs, and youth employment initiatives.
“Health, education, and inclusion through sport are key areas,” Royet-Gounin explained. “We also work on climate resilience, a universal challenge where France and Rwanda share a strong sense of responsibility.”
While large-scale projects dominate the headlines, the ambassador insists that cultural and linguistic collaboration remains crucial. “We continue to promote the French language by training teachers, accrediting bilingual schools, and improving language quality across disciplines,” she said.
{{Humanitarian diplomacy and regional engagement
}}
Asked about her recent participation in the October 30 humanitarian conference in Paris, co-hosted by France and Togo under the auspices of the African Union, Royet-Gounin described it as a show of solidarity rather than a negotiation platform.
“It was a pledging conference meant to support the peace processes underway, the Rwanda–DRC talks in Washington and the inter-Congolese dialogue in Doha,” she said.
France’s position, she explained, was to “demonstrate that the international community has not forgotten the conflict, the displaced, or the victims.”
The meeting raised €1.5 billion in humanitarian pledges for recovery and reconstruction efforts in the Great Lakes region.
{{Women, the Francophonie, and feminist diplomacy
}}
The ambassador also previewed the upcoming Francophonie Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Kigali, describing it as both symbolic and strategic.
“We are delighted it’s happening in Rwanda, a very active member of the Francophonie under Louise Mushikiwabo’s leadership,” she said.
The summit’s theme, “30 years after the Beijing Conference: the contribution of women in the Francophone space,” reflects France’s focus on feminist diplomacy. Royet-Gounin said the discussions align with ongoing efforts to promote women’s rights, inclusion, and equal participation in peace and security processes, noting the continued relevance of commitments made at the Beijing Conference.
“La Francophonie is not just about language or culture, it’s also an economic and values-based community,” she said, pointing out that by 2050, French speakers will number around 700 million, making it the world’s fifth most spoken language.
{{Listening, learning, and walking Rwanda’s hills
}}
Despite the dense diplomatic agenda, Ambassador Royet-Gounin said her approach begins with humility and observation. “The wise person is first an ear that listens,” she said, quoting an adage she has adopted as her motto.
She plans to spend her early months meeting people from different walks of life and understanding Rwanda beyond official meetings and reports.
“My job is not only to represent France, but also to understand and convey what we observe and feel,” she said.
“I brought my walking shoes. I fully intend to explore this beautiful country as much as possible,” she added.
Speaking at a gala attended by leaders and members of the Unity Club Intwararumuri on November 8, 2025, President Kagame said he had hoped all three of his sons would join the RDF, but his eldest, Ivan Cyomoro Kagame, chose instead to pursue business and investment.
“Once they grew up, I told them my wishes, and they accepted, but one of them refused. He told me, ‘This is not how I want to be.’ I told him, ‘Do what you want. If you don’t want to join, that’s your choice.’ I asked, ‘What do you want to do?’ and he said, ‘I want to make money.’ He added, ‘When I finish studying, I will go into business,’” President Kagame revealed.
“Afterwards, he told me, ‘You and the other young men, my younger siblings, because by that time you’ll be pursuing other things, I will take care of you. I want to take care of you. Let me do that, and you do what you want,’” he added.
Brian Kagame, the youngest son of President Paul Kagame and First Lady Jeannette Kagame, joined the RDF on October 3, 2025, after completing military training at the Sandhurst Military Academy in the United Kingdom. He followed in the footsteps of his older brother, Capt. Ian Kagame, who currently serves in the Republican Guard elite unit responsible for protecting the President and other top state leaders.
President Kagame said he had advised his sons to finish Master’s degrees before joining the military, but both insisted on starting their military careers earlier. He emphasised that every child should have the right to pursue their own aspirations.
“Any Rwandan child, including mine, should be able to become what they want or do what they want to do,” he said.
On the subject of his daughter, Ange Kagame, and rumours about her being prepared for the presidency, the President affirmed that his daughter’s future will be guided by her own ambitions.
“I saw on social media that people say I am preparing my daughter to lead the country. But who prepared me? I wasn’t prepared by my father,” he said. “My children are Rwandans like any other, and they will live their lives like everyone else.”
President Kagame added that he cannot choose who becomes President, and the daughter in question may not even desire such a role.
President Paul Kagame and First Lady Jeannette Kagame have been blessed with four children: three sons and a daughter.
He made the remarks on Saturday, November 8, 2025, during a gala marking the conclusion of the 18th Unity Club Intwararumuri Forum in Kigali. The Unity Club Intwararumuri, founded by First Lady Jeannette Kagame, brings together current and former government leaders and their spouses to promote unity, peace, and development in Rwanda.
The Head of State said that while Rwanda continues to engage diplomatically with its neighbours, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), some of the agreements reached contain elements of dishonesty. Nonetheless, he stressed that Rwanda remains guided by firm principles.
“Those agreements contain a lot of dishonesty. In everything we do, say, and in how we live with others or even fight with others, we drew the line long ago. Meaning, anything that threatens Rwanda, we will not tolerate,” Kagame said.
He underscored that Rwanda’s determination to safeguard its existence and sovereignty is non-negotiable.
“Our desire to live, to have our own life, is something we either live for or die for,” he said.
President Kagame also urged Rwandans to embrace self-reliance and reject dependency, emphasising that development and dignity are achieved through collective effort and resilience.
“As leaders gathered here, if there is someone who thinks that anyone from the outside will come to save us, you are mistaken. As the saying goes, it is not the size of the dog in the fight, it is the size of the fight in the dog. The question, what is the fight in the dog? What is within us that will allow us to face the challenges of our country?” he posed.
He noted that Rwanda’s progress has been shaped by visionary leadership and citizen participation but challenged leaders present to continuously evaluate their personal contribution to national development.
“To ensure things continue to improve, you cannot become complacent because of the progress we have made and only be a beneficiary of the work others have done. Make sure you are not just carried along by others but that you are truly part of it, playing your role and making your contribution. That is essential and there is no way around it,” President Kagame added.
Turning to the African continent, President Kagame questioned why many countries have failed to make significant socio-economic progress despite decades of independence.
“Africa, where were we 50 or 60 years ago? Looking back, it seems we are still almost in the same place as we were then,” he observed, adding that the continent must confront the internal factors holding it back.
“This problem within us must be solved, or we should openly admit that perhaps we are under some kind of curse, because pretending we are fine while remaining stagnant will not take us forward,” he said.
He further wondered why African nations accept poverty and hardship despite having the capacity and opportunities to transform their economies.
During the same event, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Amb. Olivier Nduhungirehe said Africa’s underdevelopment is largely rooted in poor governance and a mindset that normalizes dependency.
Former Minister Charles Murigande pointed to leadership failures, saying some leaders pursue self-enrichment rather than service to their people.
“A true leader is supposed to eat last but we have leaders who eat alone and leave nothing for anyone else,” Murigande said.
Father Consolateur attributed part of Africa’s challenges to the lingering effects of colonialism, which instilled a belief in inferiority among Africans.
“They destroyed us, uprooted us completely, and we agreed to it,” he said.
Minister of Internal Security, Dr. Vincent Biruta, emphasised that true transformation will only come when African nations commit to self-reliance and break free from external dependency.
This modern Believers International Hospital and Research Center in Rwanda is expected to reduce the number of Rwandans seeking medical specialists abroad for complex illnesses.
Once completed, the facility owned by the Indian based church, will attract specialists in various medical fields, including cardiology, which will help reduce the number of people traveling overseas for treatment and contribute to the growth of medical tourism in Rwanda, positioning the country as a hub for advanced healthcare.
The construction of this hospital began on October 1, 2023, in Kicukiro District, Kanombe sector, near Busanza. It will also include a university dedicated to training medical professionals, aiming to assist Rwanda in becoming a hub for cutting-edge medical care.
The hospital will feature 300 patient beds, with specialized doctors from different countries, as well as a university and research center that will contribute to the advancement of healthcare in Africa. Once the building is completed, plans will follow to construct accommodation for the doctors and university buildings to support the education of Rwandans.
With construction progressing as expected, the facility is set to be completed by 2026.
At the groundbreaking ceremony, Simon, a representative of the church, shared that this is the second hospital built by the organization, and the decision to construct it in Rwanda was influenced by the country’s good governance.
“The former Rwandan Ambassador to India visited our hospital, saw the equipment and services we offer, and asked our church leaders if we could bring such infrastructure to Rwanda. We initially hesitated to bring such a project to Africa,” said Simon. “When we arrived in Rwanda, our mindset quickly changed. Rwanda is unique, it’s a peaceful, clean country with exceptional leadership under President Kagame. After seeing all this, we realized there was no better place to build the hospital than here.”
Rwanda is among African countries with patients seeking treatment in India for complex medical conditions.
Nshimiyimana Costica, overseeing construction activities emphasized that the hospital is being constructed with high-quality materials, including steel and durable bricks, making it resilient to earthquakes in the region.
“I would say we are about 65-70% finished with the construction. We base this estimate on the work already completed, and the remaining 30% will be completed soon.”
The hospital is being built with locally sourced materials, such as sand, cement from Cimerwa, bricks from Sunshine Rwanda Ltd, and Rutare Bricks and Ceramics, ensuring that 90% of the materials are sourced from Rwanda.
This state-of-the-art hospital to be completed at a cost of Frw77 billion, is expected to benefit both Rwandans and the world at large in terms of healthcare, research, and education. Since the project’s inception, more than 700 Rwandans have been employed.
“The project benefits the Rwandan population as the primary stakeholders,” said Nshimiyimana.
When completed, the hospital will be equipped with advanced medical technology, including cardiology treatments, a Cath Lab for heart disease treatments, two MRI machines, four X-ray machines, mammography for breast disease diagnosis, and more than eight operating theaters, allowing up to eight people to undergo surgery at the same time.
The hospital will be of international standards, capable of hosting heads of state and dignitaries who may seek medical services while visiting Rwanda.
All specialized doctors will be from abroad, including India, the United States, and other countries, while nurses and other staff will come from Rwanda.
Additionally, the church plans to engage with the Rwandan government to ensure that people covered by all insurance schemes in the country, including Mutuelle de Santé, will be able to access treatment at this hospital.
