These sea creatures, known for their ability to change color and move quickly, have long puzzled scientists.
Their evolution has been difficult to trace because they leave behind very few fossils and have complex genetic structures. However, a recent study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution is now shedding light on their origins.
Researchers from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology combined large genetic datasets with newly sequenced squid genomes.
This allowed them to build the most complete evolutionary tree of squid and cuttlefish to date. Their findings show that these animals likely began in the deep ocean millions of years ago.
Around 66 million years ago, Earth experienced a major extinction event that wiped out about 75% of all species, including the dinosaurs.
Surprisingly, squid ancestors survived. Scientists believe they found refuge in deep, oxygen-rich parts of the ocean, where conditions were more stable compared to shallow waters affected by acidification.
After the planet recovered, squid and cuttlefish began to spread into new environments such as coral reefs and coastal areas. The study describes this process as a “long fuse” evolution, where species change slowly for a long time, then suddenly diversify rapidly when conditions improve.
Today, squid and cuttlefish are among the most diverse and intelligent marine animals. This research not only explains their survival but also opens the door to understanding their unique features, from camouflage abilities to complex behavior.
Photo of a common cuttlefish (Sepia sp.) Credit: Keishu Asada
More than one billion tonnes of food, equivalent to 19 percent of all food available to consumers, are wasted, while 13 percent is lost before arriving at retail outlets, according to a joint statement from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat).
About 60 percent of food waste happens within households, followed by food service at 28 percent and retail at 12 percent, with households alone wasting over one billion meals daily, according to the UN agencies.
Inger Andersen, UNEP executive director, noted that food loss and waste cost the global economy one trillion U.S. dollars annually, while combating the challenge is key to taming the climate crisis, desertification, and water scarcity.
“Reducing food waste makes economic sense, delivers methane cuts, supports food security, and helps build a circular, zero-waste, zero-emissions future,” Andersen said.
Food loss and waste generate 8 to 10 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, nearly five times the emissions from the aviation industry, with food waste alone accounting for up to 14 percent of global methane emissions, according to the statement.
Anaclaudia Rossbach, UN-Habitat executive director, noted that urban centers have been at the forefront of integrating food systems, water services, waste management, and recovering surplus food to foster circularity.
Rossbach added that informal workers, waste pickers, and community water managers are providing solutions to the food waste crisis in cities, helping to create circular systems that save money, cut emissions, and generate jobs.
This alarming decline affects hundreds of species that depend on connected waterways to reach feeding grounds, breeding areas, and nursery habitats across continents.
Scientists say this collapse of freshwater migrations is one of the most severe biodiversity losses on Earth and highlights the urgent need for coordinated conservation efforts.
According to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), migratory freshwater fish once moved freely along long river systems such as the Amazon, Nile, Mekong, Danube, and La Plata‑Paraná.
But today, dams, habitat fragmentation, pollution, overfishing, and changes in water flows have cut off these pathways. As a result, many species can no longer complete their life cycles, which has led to dramatic population declines.
The report found that 325 migratory freshwater fish species now require international protection, though only a few are currently listed under global conservation agreements.
Of those already evaluated, 97% are threatened with extinction, underscoring how quickly the crisis is unfolding. Experts stress that managing rivers as connected ecosystems rather than treating them as separate national waterways is crucial to slowing or reversing declines.
Lead author Dr. Zeb Hogan highlighted that “many of the world’s great wildlife migrations take place underwater,” and their loss is “a sign of rapidly deteriorating freshwater environments.”
The CMS and conservation partners are calling for transboundary cooperation to restore river connectivity, protect migration corridors, and implement basin‑wide strategies to support both aquatic life and human communities that depend on these fish for food and livelihoods.
Freshwater fish populations has declined by 81% as river migrations are disrupted.
Each year, these remarkable fish undertake the longest migration of any freshwater species, traveling between 8,000 and 12,000 kilometers from the foothills of the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean.
Scientists have only recently uncovered the full scale of this journey, which can last for 12 to 15 years. However, while the journey itself is an incredible natural phenomenon, it is now at risk due to human-caused disruptions. Dams and hydropower projects along the Amazon River and its tributaries are blocking the fish’s migratory routes, altering water quality, and disrupting essential seasonal flooding that sustains the region’s ecosystems. These obstacles threaten the fish’s life cycle, which relies on specific environmental conditions to thrive.
The dorado catfish plays a critical role in the Amazon’s ecosystem as an apex predator, helping to maintain balance in the food web. Its migration also supports local economies, as the species is a key source of protein for millions in the region and fuels commercial fisheries. A new report from the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) calls for urgent action to protect migratory freshwater species like the dorado.
Governments and experts are encouraged to discuss a multi-species action plan that focuses on safeguarding migration routes, restoring connectivity, and promoting sustainable fishing practices.
The Santo Antonio Hydroelectric Plant being constructed on one of the rivers travelled by the dorado catfish. Credit: Reginaldo Rodrigues / Wikimedia Commons
This discovery changes scientists’ understanding of how sudden climate shifts occurred near the end of the last Ice Age.
The study focuses on an unusual spike in platinum levels found deep within ice cores taken from Greenland’s massive ice sheet.
For years, this platinum anomaly puzzled researchers because platinum is often associated with extraterrestrial debris, leading many to believe a meteorite or comet strike triggered abrupt cooling at the end of the Bølling‑Allerød warm period, a climatic event known as the Younger Dryas.
However, an international team led by Professor James U. L. Baldini and colleagues from university earth sciences departments have now demonstrated that the platinum signal does not match space dust signatures and instead more closely resembles material from volcanic eruptions on Earth.
Importantly, the platinum spike appears to have occurred decades after the onset of cooling, which strongly suggests that the cooling was not caused by an impact event.
Instead, researchers propose that volcanic activity, possibly from large eruptive events, may have sent aerosols and particles into the atmosphere, affecting Earth’s climate and contributing significantly to the temperature drop known as the Younger Dryas.
This volcanic explanation fits both the chemical evidence in the ice cores and the timing of climate changes.
In explaining the new finding, scientists emphasize that while platinum anomalies remain striking signals in ice core records, they should no longer be automatically linked to extraterrestrial impacts.
The mistake of assuming space rocks were responsible has shaped climate debates for decades, and this research offers a more grounded and testable explanation.
Professor Baldini and his team argue that their work helps refine scientists’ tools for reading Earth’s climate history: rather than relying on dramatic cosmic scenarios, researchers can now consider Earth’s own volcanic system as a powerful driver of abrupt climate change during the last Ice Age.
Volcanic Eruptions, not Meteorite impacts, explained Ancient climate shift in Greenland.
The researchers found the remains of at least 16 species, including birds and frogs.
Among the most significant discoveries was a newly identified parrot species, Strigops insulaborealis, believed to be an ancestor of the flightless kākāpō, though this ancient bird may have had the ability to fly.
Other findings include extinct ancestors of the takahē and a pigeon species closely related to the Australian bronzewing.
The fossils were embedded in two distinct layers of volcanic ash, dated to 1.55 million years ago and 1 million years ago, which helped the researchers establish a precise timeline for the remains.
These layers acted as natural time markers, giving scientists a clear snapshot of life during this ancient period.
The discovery challenges previous assumptions about New Zealand’s wildlife. Prior fossil records were either from millions of years ago or from the time after humans arrived.
The new findings fill a crucial gap in understanding the environmental forces shaping wildlife long before humans arrived. According to Associate Professor Trevor Worthy, the fossils represent a “missing volume” in the natural history of New Zealand.
The team also pointed out that climate shifts and volcanic eruptions may have caused significant extinctions before humans, with as many as 33-50% of species disappearing in the million years before human settlement.
Dr. Paul Scofield from Canterbury Museum emphasized that these natural events played a pivotal role in the extinction of species, adding that this discovery “proves that dramatic climate changes and volcanic activity were already reshaping wildlife”, long before human impact.
Scientists open a million-year-old time capsule beneath New Zealand.
The two-day summit, hosted by The European House-Ambrosetti, brought together global leaders, private sector players and investors to champion climate finance, environmental stewardship and a just transition.
Kenya’s Cabinet Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development Mutahi Kagwe warned that failure to finance climate-smart agriculture in Africa could trigger far-reaching consequences for global food systems.
Kagwe said that climate change is already dismantling traditional agricultural systems across Kenya, with extreme weather patterns now defining the country’s reality.
“Climate shocks are no longer future risks. They are present disruptions. If agriculture in Africa fails, global food systems will feel the shock,” he warned.
The summit aims to catalyze a global discussion on the crucial role of industry in building a climate-resilient Africa.
Through a series of plenary sessions and panels, participants, including more than 150 CEOs, institutional leaders and influential stakeholders from Africa and beyond, will have the opportunity to examine best practices, innovations and policies needed to mitigate the impacts of climate change on the African continent.
Kagwe said that Kenya’s heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture, which accounts for 98 percent of farming, leaves millions exposed to climate variability.
He said the consequences have already been severe, including five failed rainy seasons between 2020 and 2023, 4.4 million people pushed into food insecurity, and the loss of over 2.5 million livestock.
“Even in 2026, the crisis persists. While some regions face deadly floods, others are battling drought and extreme heat, with over two million Kenyans currently in need of emergency food and livestock support,” Kagwe said.
But beyond the statistics, Kagwe said that Africa must no longer be sidelined in climate decision-making or subjected to externally designed solutions.
“There is no one-size-fits-all solution. Climate change is a lived experience for our farmers. The answers must come from the ground, not from boardrooms in Brussels, New York or Paris,” he said.
The summit called on international investors to finance climate-smart agriculture to boost food security on the continent.
March 23 is World Meteorological Day, with the theme “Observing Today, Protecting Tomorrow.” On the same day, the WMO released the State of the Global Climate report 2025, analyzing a range of key climate indicators, including greenhouse gas concentrations, surface temperature, ocean heat and acidification, sea level rise, Antarctic sea ice extent, and glacier melt.
The report confirmed that 2015-2025 were the hottest 11 years on record, and 2025 was the second or third hottest year on record, at about 1.43 degrees Celcius above the 1850-1900 average. Extreme events around the world, including intense heat, heavy rainfall and tropical cyclones, caused disruption and devastation, highlighting the vulnerability of interconnected economies and societies.
The ocean continues to warm and absorb carbon dioxide. Over the past two decades, the ocean has absorbed the equivalent of about 18 times the annual human energy use each year. In 2025, ocean heat content (to a depth of 2,000 meters) reached the highest level since records began in 1960, surpassing the previous high set in 2024.
Data from individual monitoring stations showed that levels of three main greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, continued to increase in 2025.
For the first time, the report included Earth’s energy imbalance as a key climate indicator. The Earth’s energy balance measures the rate at which energy enters and leaves the Earth system.
Earth’s energy imbalance has been increasing since its observational record began in 1960, particularly in the past 20 years. It reached a new high in 2025.
The Earth’s energy balance measures the rate at which energy enters and leaves the Earth system.
A team from the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory has created simulations to better understand Psyche’s interior by studying the formation of a large crater near its north pole. Their research, published in JGR Planets, suggests that craters can reveal key information about the asteroid’s composition.
The study found that Psyche’s internal porosity, the amount of empty space within it, plays a crucial role in how craters form. Asteroids with more voids absorb impact energy differently, creating deeper, steeper craters with less debris scattered around.
This finding is important as it could help scientists interpret the data NASA’s spacecraft will collect, including whether Psyche has distinct layers of rock and metal or is a chaotic mixture of materials.
Scientists also modeled an impact on Psyche using a 3D shape model and found that a 3-mile wide impactor could create the type of crater seen on the asteroid. This result could indicate whether Psyche’s interior is made up of a metallic core surrounded by a thin rocky mantle, or a mixture of metal and rock.
The upcoming NASA Psyche mission will analyze Psyche’s surface, gravity, magnetic field, and composition to confirm these predictions. With these simulations, scientists are hopeful that the spacecraft will uncover whether Psyche holds the secrets of a lost planet’s core.
This illustration, created in March 2021, depicts asteroid Psyche, which lies in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Psyche is the focal point of NASA’s mission of the same name.
From March 23 to 29, 2026, delegates will gather at the Bosque Expo venue for what promises to be a pivotal UN wildlife conference, the first time Brazil has hosted this landmark event.
Under the compelling theme “Connecting Nature to Sustain Life”, the meeting underscores the indispensable role of ecological connectivity, the seamless web of habitats, corridors, and stopover sites that migratory species rely on to complete their epic journeys.
Representatives from the CMS’s 133 Parties, comprising 132 countries plus the European Union, will join forces with scientists, conservation organizations, Indigenous Peoples, local communities, environmental NGOs, and other stakeholders from across the globe.
High-level government officials, including Brazil’s Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change leadership, are expected to preside over sessions, with João Paulo Capobianco designated as the COP15 President. The gathering will also feature side events, stakeholder dialogues, and a dedicated high-level segment aimed at securing renewed political commitments.
This COP follows the momentum built at COP14, held in February 2024 in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, the first CMS COP in Central Asia, under the banner “Nature Knows No Borders.”
That meeting launched the groundbreaking State of the World’s Migratory Species report, revealing that 44% of monitored populations were declining and over one in five listed species faced extinction risk.
It also adopted the Samarkand Strategic Plan for Migratory Species 2024–2032, setting ambitious targets for habitat restoration, reduced infrastructure impacts, and enhanced connectivity.
Recent updates paint an even starker picture: an interim assessment shows declines have worsened to 49% of migratory species populations, with 24% now at heightened extinction risk.
Mounting threats include habitat fragmentation, overexploitation, fisheries bycatch, marine and plastic pollution, illegal take, climate-driven disruptions, light pollution, renewable energy infrastructure collisions, anthropogenic noise, and emerging risks like deep-sea mining.
Delegates at COP15 are poised to tackle these challenges head-on through a comprehensive agenda. Key discussions will center on implementing the Samarkand Strategic Plan, proposing amendments to the CMS Appendices to afford stricter protections to vulnerable species; such as certain sharks and rays, hammerhead and thresher sharks, giant otters, striped hyenas, Amazon catfish, and potentially others like the snowy owl.
Cross-cutting issues will dominate debates, including measures to curb bycatch and fisheries mortality, combat pollution and illegal take, promote wildlife health, address climate impacts, safeguard seamount ecosystems, and advance ecological connectivity initiatives, including tools like an Atlas of Animal Migration.
Participants will also explore synergies with other global frameworks, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and Ramsar wetlands convention, while emphasizing sustainable livelihoods, pastoralism in rangelands, and the role of infrastructure in minimizing harm to migratory routes.
Expected outcomes include the adoption of a high-level Ministerial Declaration reaffirming global commitments, approvals of new species listings and concerted action plans, strengthened guidelines on emerging threats, and concrete steps to operationalize the Strategic Plan through the next decade.
These decisions could galvanize coordinated international efforts, potentially reversing declines and ensuring migratory species, from soaring birds and ocean-crossing whales to river-traversing fish, continue to sustain ecosystems and human well-being.
The Egyptian vulture can fly up to 640 kilometers (400 miles) in a day as it travels between its wintering grounds in the Sahara and European breeding sites — a migration that of up to 5,000 km (3,100 mi). Image by Sergey Dereliev.
