At the senior level, five officers have been promoted from Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) to Commissioner of Police (CP). These are Emmanuel Karasi, Bertin Mutezintare, Jean Népomuscène Mbonyumuvunyi, Barthélemy Rugwizangoga, and Fidèle Mugengana.
Ten officers were promoted from Commissioner of Police (CSP) to Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP). They include Claude Bizimana, Adolphe Nyagatare, Rango Ndoli, Callixte Kalisa, Vincent Habintwari Bihigi, Antoine Munyampundu, Faustin Kalimba, Hodali Rwanyindo, Christian Safari, and Alexis Nyamwasa.
In the broader category of senior and junior officers, five personnel were elevated from Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) to Commissioner of Police (CSP), while 94 moved from Superintendent of Police (SP) to Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP). A further 161 officers were promoted from Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) to Superintendent of Police (SP).
Additionally, 574 officers advanced from Inspector of Police (IP) to Chief Inspector of Police (CIP), and 17 were promoted from Assistant Inspector of Police (AIP) to Inspector of Police (IP).
Among non-commissioned officers and other ranks, 282 personnel were promoted from Staff Sergeant (S/SGT) to Chief Sergeant (C/SGT), while 763 moved from Sergeant (SGT) to Staff Sergeant (S/SGT). At the lower levels, 1,886 officers were elevated from Corporal (CPL) to Sergeant (SGT), and 1,949 from Police Constable (PC) to Corporal (CPL).
The promotions span all levels of the force and reflect ongoing efforts to strengthen capacity and leadership within the Rwanda National Police.
The long-awaited truce was struck in the nick of time, coming shortly before U.S. President Donald Trump’s deadline for Iran to agree to a deal and reopen the Strait of Hormuz, or the “whole civilization will die.”
While the ceasefire has pressed pause on a conflict whose shockwaves have been felt across the globe, experts warn that deep-seated disputes between Washington and Tehran remain unresolved, leaving the prospects for lasting peace far from certain.
Last-ditch breakthrough
The ceasefire was reached amid repeated threats from Trump, which culminated on Tuesday when he warned that Iran’s “whole civilization will die” if Tehran failed to meet his latest deadline for a deal by Tuesday, 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time (0000 GMT Wednesday), a statement that drew widespread criticism.
Late Tuesday night, as the world braced for possible U.S. strikes, Trump announced a two-week “double sided ceasefire,” as Tehran agreed to “the complete, immediate and safe opening” of the Strait of Hormuz.
In an interview with the media, Trump hailed the agreement as a “total and complete victory,” adding that Iran’s uranium would be “perfectly taken care of” under the ceasefire deal.
Following Trump’s announcement, Iran’s Supreme National Security Council quickly issued a statement confirming the ceasefire.
Iran has achieved a “great victory” and “forced” the United States to accept its 10-point plan, which includes controlled passage through the Strait of Hormuz and the necessity of ending the war against all elements of the “axis of resistance,” said the statement.
Iran’s Foreign Minister Seyed Abbas Araghchi said that Iran will cease “defensive operations” if attacks against it stop. Araghchi also promised safe passage through the Strait of Hormuz during the two-week ceasefire under “coordination” with Iranian armed forces.
For its part, Israel said it supports the temporary truce, noting that Lebanon is excluded from the deal.
Entrenched differences
The ceasefire has, to some extent, revived hopes that negotiations might settle the conflict, but responses from key stakeholders suggest that deep divisions and mutual distrust remain firmly in place.
In the statement confirming the ceasefire, Iran’s Supreme National Security Council stressed that the negotiations will be conducted on Friday in Islamabad “with complete distrust of the American side.”
“Our hands are on the trigger, and as soon as the slightest mistake by the enemy is made, it will be responded to with full force,” the security council warned.
Hamad Alhosani, a researcher at TRENDS Research and Advisory in the United Arab Emirates, said that the statements from the United States and Iran also reveal “a wide chasm.”
On the Strait of Hormuz, Washington demands “complete, immediate, and safe opening,” while Tehran insists on “continued Iranian control,” Alhosani said. On the nuclear program, Iran demands acceptance of its enrichment rights, while the United States has told Israel it is committed to removing all of Iran’s nuclear material, he added.
Similarly, Mohamed Benaya, an expert on Iranian and Gulf affairs at Al-Azhar University in Egypt, said, “The main points of difference are structural, the nuclear issues and the levels of enrichment and timelines.”
“There is a problem of trust between the two sides, driven by both ideological concepts,” Benaya added. “Bridging these gaps will be difficult without phased, reciprocal concessions.”
Analysts also noted that the disagreements between Washington and Tehran are not new: They stem from decades of political, ideological and strategic rivalry, and are unlikely to be resolved through either war or negotiations alone.
Akram Atallah, a Palestinian political analyst, said differences over Iran’s nuclear program, concerns about its regional influence, and the weight of economic sanctions have left fundamental disputes between Tehran and Washington unresolved.
“The current agreement should be understood primarily as an attempt to contain escalation rather than resolve the underlying conflict. It opens a diplomatic window, but the structural issues between the two sides remain unresolved,” Atallah said.
Dim prospects
Given these entrenched divisions, experts said the prospects for lasting peace in the Middle East remain shrouded in uncertainty.
“Over the next two weeks, we may see limited confidence-building steps, but the talks will likely focus on preventing further escalation rather than resolving all underlying disputes,” Oytun Orhan, a senior researcher at the Ankara-based Center for Middle Eastern Studies, told Xinhua.
Salah Ali Salah, a project officer at the Sanaa Center for Strategic Studies, said the ceasefire reflects a reluctant compromise by both sides rather than a genuine consensus.
“What we are witnessing is a forced and temporary truce between two sides that have exhausted their escalation options without achieving decisive outcomes,” he said. “With many critical issues still unresolved, the chances of renewed tensions outweigh the prospects for a real diplomatic breakthrough in the coming weeks.”
Jumaa Mohammed, a politics professor at Iraq’s Tikrit University, also voiced doubts about the prospects for lasting peace.
Both sides have lost enough to realize that a quick return to war would be more costly, but they do not yet trust each other enough to make major concessions, Mohammed said.
Mohammed Zakaria Aboudahab, a professor of public law and political science at Morocco’s Mohammed V University, also warned that the ceasefire is no guarantee of lasting peace.
“The fundamental drivers of conflict – Iran’s nuclear status, the reconfiguration of Gulf security architecture, and the persistent risk of escalation within the Israel-Hezbollah-Iran triangle – remain unresolved,” Aboudahab said. “What we are witnessing is more likely an intermission than a conclusion.”
A man attends a rally in Tehran, Iran, April 8, 2026. After some 40 days of deadly clashes, the United States and Iran on Wednesday reached a two-week ceasefire
This isn’t just any souvenir. The steel spiral staircase, which once connected the second and third floors of the Eiffel Tower when it first opened in 1889, is made of riveted sheet metal and includes 14 steps resting on a cross-shaped base. The section stands 2.75 meters tall and spans nearly 1.75 meters in diameter.
Over 300 million people have climbed the tower since its debut at the Universal Exposition celebrating the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, but for nearly a century, those steps were part of the journey to the top. In 1983, the tower underwent a massive overhaul, replacing sections of the original staircase with elevators. Most of the dismantled steps ended up in private collections, while a few were placed in museums like the Musée d’Orsay, Cité des Sciences, and even as far afield as Japan and New York.
Now, Section No. 1 is coming back into the spotlight. Artcurial’s Art Deco department in Paris will put it up for auction on May 21, with an expected price tag of €120,000 to €150,000 (approximately 205.4 million to 256.7 million Rwandan francs).
The staircase has been in a private collection for over 40 years and underwent a full restoration for the sale, according to Sabrina Dolla, associate director at Artcurial.
“It’s more than just a piece of history,” Dolla told CNN. “It’s an immersive experience, a stationary journey through time and space. Imagine yourself in 1889, perched hundreds of meters above Paris on this staircase, with a 360-degree view and no safety barriers.”
Artcurial has auctioned other staircase sections before, with one record-setting section selling for €523,800 (approximately Rwf 896.5 million) in 2016 to a determined collector from China. According to Dolla, such sales often come down to “circumstances and opportunities,” making this upcoming auction a rare chance to own a tangible piece of the Eiffel Tower.
So, do you have the space, the money, and a flair for the historic? If yes, this 14-step slice of Paris might just be yours, history included.
Over 300 million people have climbed the tower since its debut at the Universal Exposition celebrating the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution.
AFC/M23 is currently holding thousands of Congolese government troops, most of whom were captured during fighting in late January 2025, when the group seized the city of Goma and surrounding border areas.
On March 8, 2026, AFC/M23 announced plans to hand over 5,000 detainees to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for transfer to the capital, Kinshasa. The group said the soldiers are being held at the Rumangabo military base and that their release is intended to support ongoing peace efforts and facilitate dialogue with the DRC government.
RFI reported on April 8, 2026, that the ICRC is prepared to transport the soldiers to Kinshasa, but that Congolese authorities have not yet authorized their reception. According to the report, the hesitation is linked to concerns that some of the soldiers could have been compromised or may pose a threat, although no official government statement has been issued.
The report also noted that AFC/M23 has been encouraging the DRC government to receive the soldiers, while a source close to President Félix Tshisekedi said the government was taking time to consider the offer.
Earlier, on February 20, 2026, AFC/M23 political coordinator Corneille Nangaa Yobeluo announced the release of 230 soldiers captured in Goma, though it remains unclear whether they were subsequently transferred to Kinshasa by the ICRC.
In a related development, in April 2025, 1,359 Congolese soldiers and police officers who had taken refuge at United Nations peacekeeping bases (MONUSCO) on the outskirts of Goma were repatriated to Kinshasa following negotiations involving the ICRC and AFC/M23.
Many of the soldiers captured by AFC/M23 are being held at the Rumangabo military base.
The acknowledgment came during the 32nd commemoration of the genocide in remarks by Nick Checker, Senior Bureau Official at the U.S. Bureau of African Affairs.
“As we gather to mark this solemn occasion, let us recognise the unspeakable horrors that befell the Rwandan people during the Genocide against the Tutsi. Today, we remember the nearly one million Tutsi victims, as well as Hutu, Twa, and others who were murdered due to their opposition to a genocidal regime,” Checker said.
Checker recalled his visit to Rwanda and the genocide sites at Nyamata and Ntarama, former churches where tens of thousands of Tutsis were killed. He described the emotional impact of seeing the altars where the massacres occurred:
“Standing before those altars, one cannot escape the visceral reality of what occurred there; I was profoundly moved. The altar, where the holy sacrifice of the Mass is offered, where the blood of Christ is made present for the salvation of the world, was here mingled with the blood of the innocent during the Genocide against the Tutsi.”
He noted that the genocide was the result of deliberate leadership decisions and emphasised the importance of justice:
“A key component of this effort is bringing justice to victims and survivors by holding the perpetrators accountable. The United States helped establish the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and will continue to work with partners to bring those responsible for the genocide to justice.”
Previously, the United States had referred to the events as the “Rwandan Genocide” or noted that “Tutsi, Hutu, Twa, and others” were killed. Observers have said this language was misleading, as 93.7% of the victims were Tutsi, according to Rwanda’s 2004 census.
During the 30th commemoration, President Paul Kagame addressed past international reluctance to clearly identify the victims, saying:
“Rwandans will never understand why any country would remain intentionally vague about who was targeted in the genocide. I don’t understand that. Such ambiguity is, in fact, a form of denial, which is a crime in and of itself, and Rwanda will always challenge it.”
Historians often compare the Genocide against the Tutsi with other large-scale atrocities to highlight the deliberate targeting of specific groups. During World War II, the Nazis killed six million Jews in the Holocaust. In total, roughly 75 million people died as a result of the war.
While tens of millions of others, including Slavs, Roma, political dissidents, and Jehovah’s Witnesses, also lost their lives, they are not counted as victims of the Holocaust. This is because the term is defined specifically by the Nazis’ plan to exterminate the Jewish people.
Experts say the same principle applies to Rwanda. The killings in 1994 specifically targeted the Tutsi population. Using the term “Genocide against the Tutsi” reflects this deliberate targeting and ensures the historical record is not distorted.
The U.N. General Assembly has designated April 7 as the annual commemoration of the Genocide against the Tutsi. Rwanda has consistently emphasised that correct terminology is essential to honour victims and prevent denial or minimisation of the 1994 atrocities.
Previously, the United States had referred to the events as the “Rwandan Genocide” or noted that “Tutsi, Hutu, Twa, and others” were killed. Observers have said this language was misleading, as 93.7% of the victims were Tutsi, according to Rwanda’s 2004 census.
According to a presidential communique, this situation is attributable in particular to the repercussions of the conflict in the Middle East, which have disrupted energy supplies and public services in Madagascar.
The government said that this state of emergency would allow for the implementation of rapid and targeted measures to restore energy supplies, ensure the continuity of essential services, and maintain the proper functioning of the national economy.
The ongoing energy crisis also impacts public order, security, and institutional stability, the communique added.
The government reaffirmed its commitment to mobilize all necessary resources to overcome this crisis and limit its effects on the daily lives of the population.
According to local media, since mid-March, petroleum stations in Madagascar have faced insufficient storage capacity or temporary stock shortages. The country’s supply of refined petroleum depends heavily on imports, particularly from Oman.
Madagascar declared a two-week nationwide energy emergency on Tuesday, as global tensions in the Middle East disrupted fuel supplies and strained the island’s economy.
Issued by Mayor Stephen C. N. Kepley, the proclamation commemorates the lives lost during the 1994 atrocities in Rwanda and calls on residents of Kentwood and the wider West Michigan community to reflect on the lessons of the past.
“I urge all citizens of Kentwood and West Michigan to learn from the past so that these types of atrocities may never take place in the world again,” the mayor stated.
The proclamation recalls that between April 7 and July 19, 1994, Rwanda experienced a coordinated campaign of mass violence in which more than a million Tutsi men, women, and children were killed in approximately 100 days. It also highlights the widespread sexual violence committed against Tutsi women during the genocide.
Recognised by the United Nations as the Genocide Against the Tutsi, the atrocity remains one of the most devastating chapters in modern history. The proclamation further acknowledges that the United States, and Kentwood in particular, has become home to survivors who have since rebuilt their lives as American citizens.
By designating April 7 as the International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda, the city aims to honour victims and encourage education to prevent future atrocities.
Community leaders and genocide survivors welcomed the move as an important step in preserving historical truth and promoting awareness.
Marcel Mushyindashyaka, President of IBUKA USA, emphasised the broader significance of such recognition.
“This proclamation is deeply significant,” he said. “It affirms the truth of our history and honours the dignity of the victims. Public recognition by local and state institutions strengthens remembrance, counters genocide denial, and reinforces our collective responsibility to ensure that such crimes never happen again, anywhere in the world.”
Similarly, Caleb Uwagaba, President of the Rwandan community in Kentwood, said the proclamation reflects values that go beyond a single city.
“It shows solidarity with those who lost their lives and with survivors who continue to heal,” he said. “It also reminds us that remembrance must go hand in hand with unity, reconciliation, and advocacy for humanity. The lessons of 1994 are not only for Rwanda, they are for the world.”
Kentwood’s recognition follows similar actions in other parts of the United States. In 2025, Greg Abbott, Governor of Texas, issued a proclamation recognising the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi, signalling growing awareness and acknowledgement at the state and local levels.
City officials say the Kentwood proclamation serves not only as a tribute to victims and survivors but also as a call to action, urging continued education, remembrance, and a shared commitment to ensuring that such atrocities are never repeated.
The proclamation was issued by Mayor Stephen C. N. Kepley.The proclamation commemorates the lives lost during the 1994 atrocities in Rwanda and calls on residents of Kentwood and the wider West Michigan community to reflect on the lessons of the past.
A Persian-Norwegian with a background in architecture and systemic design, Gharavi recently spent two weeks in Kigali, scouting Rwanda’s “hidden entrepreneurial gems” and exploring opportunities to connect them with European and Nordic investors.
“Rwanda is a bold and dynamic country,” Gharavi told IGIHE during an exclusive interview. “It has fundamental elements for finance structuring and project development in place, which makes it a very good base to expand into Africa.”
She added that the country’s commitment to entrepreneurship, strong institutions, and regional connectivity made it an ideal location for ENFA to establish a presence and test its model in practice.
Euro Nordic Funding Alliance (ENFA) boss Niloufar Gharavi, during a recent meetup with startup founders and stakeholders in Kigali’s entrepreneur community at Norrsken.
Founded three years ago, ENFA has grown from a concept into a presence in 21 countries, operating as a facilitator of cross-border business development and blended financing. Gharavi explains that the organization’s core philosophy is not merely to introduce entrepreneurs to capital, but to become a development partner: providing training, advisory support, and strategic connections to ensure startups and SMEs thrive in the long term.
ENFA has been active in Rwanda for nearly a year through local partnerships, guided by Regina Mukamusinga, the CEO of ENFA Rwanda and a former investment analyst with 14 years of experience at the Development Bank of Rwanda. The organisation has now formalised its presence by establishing a legal entity in the country.
“The reception has been overwhelmingly positive,” Mukamusinga said. “Local entrepreneurs are eager to join our network, and we’re seeing real progress in turning these SMEs into internationally connected businesses.”
Gharavi highlights the impact of this approach using Rwanda’s honey industry as an example. Through ENFA, women-led honey businesses that had previously operated independently were connected, advised on value chain development, and introduced to international partners. This collaboration not only enhances production capacity but also opens doors to broader markets.
A systemic designer by profession, Gharavi, says she approaches business through a lens of complexity and interconnectivity.
For Grace Mbabazi, founder of M&M Sozo, producing and exporting honey, joining ENFA has shown her just how transformative the right support and connections can be for a growing business.
“Before ENFA, our business was mostly local. Now we have access to training, strategic advice, and European partners. It’s transforming how we operate and where we can sell our honey,” she said.
Beyond SMEs, ENFA is actively exploring larger projects across Rwanda in sectors such as affordable housing, health tech, and agriculture.
Initiatives include a state-of-the-art prefabricated housing factory, a network of 50-bed clinics to expand rural healthcare access, and digitised agricultural solutions to facilitate export and market expansion.
Gharavi also emphasised the potential for renewable energy projects, including Lake Victoria and Lake Kivu developments, as well as data centres that can tap into European and Nordic investment.
A systemic designer by profession, Gharavi approaches business through a lens of complexity and interconnectivity.
“Everything is a system,” she explains. “Your business, your product, your value chain; they’re all interconnected. We don’t just bring capital; we help entrepreneurs redesign and optimise their systems to generate sustainable growth.”
ENFA’s funding model spans five brackets, from €500,000 to over €15 million, combining public grants, philanthropic funds, and private investments. But Gharavi underscores the importance of local equity.
“Investors want to see Rwandans actively putting their own capital into their projects. That’s how trust is built and exploitation avoided,” she explains, adding that this approach supports local ownership and ensures international support complements, rather than replaces, Rwandan initiative.
Niloufar Gharavi was a panellist at the 2nd Rwanda Nordic-Baltic Forum, held in Kigali from March 9–11, 2026
Earlier this month, Gharavi was a featured speaker and panellist at the 2nd Rwanda Nordic-Baltic Forum, held in Kigali from March 9–11, 2026. In the interview with IGIHE, she reiterated ENFA’s hands-on approach to connecting European and Nordic investors with African businesses.
“We actually become their partners. They join us, we give them the right advice and the right network, and support them as they grow,” the founder explained.
Last December, Gharavi launched her book, Save the World Before Breakfast, introducing the concept of design-driven entrepreneurship.
“Everything we do is designerly,” she stressed. “Designers see the world from scratch. We know that this chair, this building, this phone, even the lifestyles we live, they didn’t exist naturally. They were all created over time. Once you realise that everything can be redesigned, that’s when real sustainability and regeneration become possible.”
Niloufar Gharavi’s book Save the World Before Breakfast challenges conventional notions of startups, innovation, and leadership.
She emphasised that this philosophy shapes ENFA’s operations, from its internal code of conduct to member training programs. ENFA’s newly established holding in Luxembourg, she added, will champion regenerative, fair-share economies built on design thinking, equipping entrepreneurs to approach challenges with “fresh eyes on the world.”
For Gharavi, the journey from architect to global entrepreneur has been shaped by high-stakes decision-making and a design-driven mindset. Her experience as a professional rally driver also plays a role.
“Racing taught me to assess risks, make decisions quickly, and trust the team around me. Those same skills are vital when supporting entrepreneurs across continents,” she said.
Niloufar Gharavi is a former racing driver.
Reflecting on Rwanda’s entrepreneurial ecosystem, Gharavi is optimistic.
“We are becoming a fund ourselves, but primarily, we facilitate growth,” she said. “The local teams and authorities play a central role. Rwanda has the readiness, the infrastructure, and the entrepreneurial spirit to become a gateway to the continent.”
Gharavi envisions similar partnerships expanding across Africa, leveraging Rwanda as a model for design-driven, investor-backed entrepreneurial growth.
Curious to learn more? Watch her full conversation with IGIHE below.
At the spring, Niyonambaza Rachel Aisha, a representative of the women, remembers how different life used to be.
“In our daily lives, many things have changed. Before, we did not have clean water,” she says.
For more than two decades, cooperation between the Government of Rwanda and the Government of Japan, implemented through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), has quietly transformed rural water services. Behind each functioning water point are people like Rachel.
A community environmental health officer conducts an E. coli test at the household level for Kampambara Spring, Kazo Sector, Ngoma District, on February 23, 2026.
Before the rehabilitation of Kagezi spring under the “Project for Rural Water Supply Services and Infrastructure Management Development (RWASOM2)” in October 2024, fetching water was a daily struggle.
“The water was dirty and contained worms. Many in our community fell ill from unsafe water,” Rachel recalls.
Today, the spring is capped, channeled, and protected. Clear water now flows through a tap onto a clean concrete platform. The improvement is visible, but its deeper impact is measured in health and dignity.
“When you have clean water, you have good health. Now children go to school and study well because they are healthy,” Rachel says.
Seeing the transformation, Rachel and her community have committed themselves to protecting the spring. Every Saturday, they clean the area and ensure it remains safe.
Transect walk during the workshop on CWSP monitoring for Rwamatabaro Spring in Rubona Sector, Rwamagana District, on February 5, 2026.
Building systems, strengthening communities
At the national level, rural water management is coordinated by the Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC). For Vincent de Paul Mugwaneza, Director of Water Supply at WASAC Development, the partnership with JICA has been both technical and transformative.
“Our projects with JICA are designed to address existing challenges. Before implementation, we ensure they align with national water strategies and are likely to deliver real, measurable impact,” he explains.
JICA’s long-standing cooperation has gone beyond infrastructure development; it has helped build a stronger and more sustainable ecosystem for water supply management by strengthening management structure, training private operators, and providing district teams with tools for planning, monitoring, and maintenance.
Business development training for sustainable water management for staff of AYATEKE Star Company Ltd (PO-Gatsibo), 10–12 March 2026.
RWASOM’s JICA expert Satoshi Ishida notes that sustainability depends less on construction and more on post-project management.
“Private operators manage rural pipelines and contribute a royalty fee equivalent to 10% of their revenue to WASAC, which funds major repairs and facility renewal plans,” he says.
The project improved how private operators plan repairs, shifting them from reactive to preventive management. Ishida adds that mapping facilities with GIS helps operators prioritise investments and promotes a culture of preventive maintenance.
Measurable improvements have followed. “We track functioning versus non-functioning systems and citizen complaints. These indicators provide a clear picture of progress,” Mugwaneza explains.
Refresher training for staff of Waterways Creation Ltd and Patto Water Ltd on conducting water quality testing for physico-chemical parameters, February 13, 2026.
On the ground, district officers ensure that systems continue to run. In Eastern Province, Nderabakura Jean Claude, District WATSAN Officer, monitors water points across wide rural areas.
“We must know how many water points we have, which are functioning, and why some are not,” he explains.
Training supported by JICA has expanded the district’s technical capacity. Officers now develop expansion plans using GIS and QGIS, design pipelines on paper, and calculate realistic budgets. Ishida notes that embedding skills in WASAC, districts, and communities ensures that knowledge is institutionalised rather than reliant on external experts.
Water quality monitoring is also essential. “We test chemical and biological parameters, check chlorine levels, ensure pH balance, and supervise cleaning of storage tanks,” Jean Claude says.
The impact is clear: waterborne diseases have decreased, even in health facilities.
Protecting gains
Despite progress, challenges remain. In some rural areas, vandalism and illegal connections threaten infrastructure, particularly during dry seasons. JICA has introduced digital monitoring and mapping tools to help operators respond quickly.
“Mapping water systems and sharing operational reports online allows rapid identification of failures,” Ishida explains.
“Some cut pipes for mud bricks or industries,” Jean Claude notes, adding that security patrols and community sensitisation have reduced incidents.
Yet even amid constraints, the principle of community ownership remains central.
Staff of Waterways Creation Ltd measuring residual free chlorine in Ngoma District, February 10, 2026.
To strengthen that ownership, JICA volunteers are rooted in the community and dedicated to protecting water sources. Over the past two decades, 61 JICA volunteers in water and sanitation have been placed in rural districts, supporting daily operations, data management, maintenance training, and hygiene promotion. Before these interventions, many boreholes with handpumps were not functioning.
“The government’s development policy emphasises citizen participation,” Jean Claude says. “When citizens request infrastructure and see it delivered, they appreciate it. They recognise its value and become more willing to protect and maintain it.”
Rachel embodies that spirit. At Kagezi Spring, they do not wait for breakdowns. They clean drainage channels, check for cracks, and keep watch.
“Now we have been given water, and we also have the responsibility to protect it,” she says firmly. “No one is allowed to damage it.”
The report shows that the employment-to-population ratio increased to 55.9% in 2025, up from 53.5% in 2024, signalling a growing capacity of the economy to absorb workers. About 4.77 million Rwandans were employed during the year.
This growth comes alongside an expansion of the labour force, which reached 5.4 million people, out of a working-age population of approximately 8.5 million.
Unemployment declines as more jobs are created
The survey indicates that unemployment fell to 12.4% in 2025, down from 14.9% the previous year, continuing a downward trend from pre-COVID-19 levels of around 15%.
This means that roughly one in eight people in the labour force was unemployed, reflecting improved job creation and labour market recovery.
Employment gains were recorded across both men and women, with the employment rate increasing by 1.4 percentage points among males and 3.1 percentage points among females. However, disparities remain, with men still more likely to be employed than women.
Services sector drives job growth
The report highlights a gradual structural shift in Rwanda’s economy, with the services sector emerging as the largest employer, accounting for 44.4% of total employment in 2025, up from 42.9% in 2024.
Agriculture remains a major source of jobs, employing 39.1% of the workforce, while the industry sector accounted for 16.5%, showing little change.
Sectors such as wholesale and retail trade, transport, manufacturing, and hospitality recorded notable increases in employment, reflecting expanding economic activity beyond traditional agriculture.
More people entering the labour market
The labour force participation rate rose slightly to 63.8%, indicating that more Rwandans are either working or actively seeking employment.
At the same time, about 3.1 million people remained outside the labour force, many of whom are engaged in subsistence agriculture, studying, or not actively seeking jobs.
Despite the overall improvement in employment outcomes, the report highlights areas where further gains can be made, particularly in expanding opportunities for youth and women. Youth unemployment stood at 14.7%, slightly above the national average, while female unemployment was estimated at 14.2% compared to 10.8% among men.
These figures suggest that targeted interventions, including skills development, entrepreneurship support and improved job matching, could help unlock additional employment potential, especially as more young people enter the labour market.
Encouragingly, the survey shows a continued upward trend in incomes, with the average monthly salary increasing to Rwf 82,996 in 2025, up from Rwf 73,948 in 2024.
While differences across sectors remain, the overall rise in earnings reflects improving economic activity and growing opportunities, particularly in higher-paying sectors such as services and industry.
Technicians at the Volkswagen assembly plant in the Kigali Special Economic Zone meticulously assemble a vehicle. A new labour force report shows that the employment-to-population ratio increased to 55.9% in 2025, up from 53.5% in 2024, signalling a growing capacity of the economy to absorb workers.
