Human DNA is made up of long chains of three‑letter units called codons. These codons tell the cell how to build proteins, and many of them can be different but still produce the same amino acid. Until now, scientists assumed that those different codons with the same meaning were interchangeable.
However, a research team from Kyoto University and RIKEN, led by scientists Osamu Takeuchi and Takuhiro Ito, has shown that cells don’t treat all codons equally. Some codons are more efficient at producing proteins, while others are weaker. The team discovered that cells actively recognize and silence the less efficient messages, giving stronger instructions priority in gene expression.
Central to this process is a protein called DHX29, which acts like a quality controller. The researchers found that DHX29 attaches to the ribosome the cell’s protein‑making machinery especially when it encounters these weaker codons. Once there, DHX29 recruits another set of proteins, the GIGYF2•4EHP complex, to selectively suppress the weaker genetic messages.
Co‑corresponding author Masanori Yoshinaga explained the importance of the findings:
“Together, these findings reveal a direct molecular link between synonymous codon choice and the control of gene expression in human cells.”
This discovery challenges the long‑held assumption that synonymous codons are functionally the same, revealing a hidden layer of genetic control. It could deepen scientific understanding of critical biological processes such as cell differentiation, balance within cells, and even the development of diseases like cancer.
The researchers say they will continue to explore how DHX29 influences gene activity in both normal physiology and disease.
New discovery reveals hidden “second code” in DNA that regulates gene expression.
A French military command document dated April 8, 1994, indicates that beginning on the morning of April 7, members of the unit that had been responsible for Habyarimana’s protection became active, launching attacks against Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) forces stationed at the CND (National Development Council). The document further states that political opponents and Tutsi civilians were arrested and killed during the early hours of the violence.
Among those killed on the morning of April 7 were Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana, President of the Supreme Court Joseph Kavaruganda, and Minister of Labour and Social Affairs Landouald Ndasingwa, all members of the transitional government established under the Arusha Agreement.
The French government reported that violence and looting intensified as armed Interahamwe militias and disorganised soldiers moved through Kigali. It also noted repeated attacks on French forces operating in the city.
According to the same document, troops guarding Habyarimana’s residence surrounded bases hosting United Nations peacekeepers from UNAMIR, restricting their movement. It also indicates that some peacekeepers were killed during this period.
As security conditions in Kigali deteriorated rapidly, the French government concluded that the safety of its nationals was at risk and decided to urgently evacuate all French citizens from Rwanda.
This decision led to the launch of “Operation Amaryllis,” a military evacuation mission aimed at extracting French nationals from Kigali. Those located in provincial areas such as Gitarama and Butare were assisted in crossing into neighbouring countries, including Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) and Burundi.
To secure the evacuation in Kigali, France deployed special forces, some of whom were tasked with securing Kigali International Airport starting on the morning of April 9, 1994.
Additional commando units stationed in Bangui (Central African Republic) and Libreville (Gabon) were placed on alert to reinforce operations in Kigali if the situation deteriorated further.
Lieutenant Colonel Jean-Jacques Maurin, a security adviser at the French Embassy in Kigali, was appointed to lead Operation Amaryllis, while Colonel Henri Poncet oversaw troop deployment and coordination.
French forces were assigned to secure the airport, protect the embassy, and safeguard other designated assembly points where French nationals were gathered. They also escorted evacuees to Kigali International Airport.
The troops were instructed not to intervene in the fighting between the RPA and the former Rwandan government army (Ex-FAR), though they were authorised to use force in self-defence if their evacuation operations were obstructed.
In April 2022, Rwanda’s Minister of National Unity and Civic Engagement, Dr. Bizimana Jean-Damascène, stated that French forces witnessed Tutsis being killed by Ex-FAR and Interahamwe militias but did not intervene, focusing instead on evacuating French nationals.
“Those French soldiers watched people being killed but never intervened. They left them to die while continuing to evacuate their own people. They did not seek to stop the violence taking place in front of them, particularly at Kanombe airport, where many were killed,” he stated.
The evacuation order initially prioritised around 60 individuals considered at high risk, based on a list provided by French Ambassador Jean-Michel Marlaud. Subsequent evacuations were carried out in additional phases.
Among those evacuated on April 9 under Operation Amaryllis were members of Habyarimana’s family, including his wife Agathe Kanziga, their children, and close associates, all of whom were located at their residence in Kanombe, near Kigali International Airport.
Operation Amaryllis concluded on April 12, 1994. French authorities stated that the mission was successfully completed. Nine transport aircraft were used, including eight C-160 aircraft and one C-130.
Operation Amaryllis prioritised the evacuation of French nationals and designated individuals from Rwanda, as violence escalated and Tutsis who were being killed were left without assistance.
Delegations from both countries departed Islamabad on Sunday without a breakthrough, each side blaming the other for the collapse of talks aimed at ending a war that has killed thousands and disrupted global energy markets.
U.S. Vice President JD Vance, who led the American delegation, acknowledged the outcome shortly before leaving Pakistan.
“We’ve had a number of substantive discussions with the Iranians,” he said. “The bad news is that we have not reached an agreement.”
Vance emphasised that Washington’s key demands had not changed, particularly regarding Iran’s nuclear ambitions. He said the U.S. had sought firm guarantees that Tehran would not pursue nuclear weapons or the capability to rapidly develop them.
“We just could not get to a situation where the Iranians would accept our terms,” he added, describing the proposal on the table as the United States’ “final and best offer.”
Vance also revealed the level of direct coordination with Washington during the talks, saying he had spoken with President Donald Trump as many as a dozen times throughout the negotiations. Even as discussions continued, Trump downplayed the necessity of reaching an agreement.
“We’re negotiating. Whether we make a deal or not makes no difference to me, because we’ve won,” President Trump told reporters on Saturday.
Iranian officials, however, pushed back, accusing Washington of making unreasonable demands. A spokesperson for Iran’s foreign ministry described the talks as “intensive” but said progress depended on “seriousness and good faith” from the U.S. side. Iranian media reported that disagreements over the country’s nuclear programme and control of the strategically vital Strait of Hormuz were among the main obstacles.
The negotiations, held over two days and stretching overnight, marked the first direct high-level engagement between the two countries in more than a decade. They followed a temporary ceasefire agreed earlier in the week, which Pakistani officials have urged both sides to maintain despite rising tensions.
Pakistan’s Foreign Minister stressed the importance of preserving the truce, calling it “imperative” for regional stability. Officials in Islamabad had hoped the talks would pave the way for a broader de-escalation, but signs of strain were evident throughout the discussions. One source familiar with the negotiations described “mood swings” and fluctuating tensions as talks progressed.
Beyond nuclear concerns, broader geopolitical issues complicated the negotiations. Iran has reportedly demanded the release of frozen assets, war reparations, and greater control over the Strait of Hormuz, a critical global oil route through which roughly one-fifth of the world’s energy supply passes. The U.S., meanwhile, has insisted on ensuring free navigation through the strait and curbing Iran’s nuclear enrichment capabilities.
The failure to secure a deal leaves the region in a precarious position. Although some oil tankers have begun moving through the Strait of Hormuz following the ceasefire, many vessels remain stranded, and global markets continue to react nervously to the uncertainty.
Adding to the volatility, fighting linked to the broader conflict continues elsewhere in the region. Israel has carried out strikes against Iran-backed Hezbollah targets in Lebanon, underscoring the risk of further escalation beyond the immediate U.S.-Iran confrontation.
Despite the setback, officials on both sides have not ruled out future negotiations. For now, however, the breakdown in Islamabad highlights the deep divisions that remain, and the challenges ahead in turning a temporary ceasefire into lasting peace.
Images showed Vance, who headed the US delegation, along with other members, boarding a plane back to the United States, just minutes after a brief press conference in which he announced that the round of negotiations in Islamabad had ended without an understanding.
In a statement, AFC/M23 spokesperson Lawrence Kanyuka said government forces shelled civilian areas on Saturday and continued the attacks into Sunday.
“The Kinshasa authorities have deliberately chosen to sabotage the negotiation process underway in Switzerland,” the statement said. “On the night of April 11, 2026, between 22:00 and 04:00, drone strikes targeted densely populated areas of Minembwe and surrounding locations.”
Kanyuka further protested that the actions reflect a refusal by the Congolese government to honor commitments linked to the peace process, and were intended to weaken the planned negotiations.
Delegations from the Democratic Republic of Congo and the AFC/M23 coalition are expected to meet for peace talks in Switzerland from April 13 to April 17, 2026.
The talks are being facilitated by Qatar, which requested Switzerland to host the discussions. They were previously held in Doha but were relocated due to regional instability linked to the conflict involving the United States, Israel, and Iran, which has affected several countries in the Middle East.
Media reports indicate that while Switzerland serves as the host, the process remains under the mediation of Qatar, with Qatari representatives expected to facilitate the proceedings via video conference to maintain the “Doha Process” framework.
In a statement, AFC/M23 spokesperson Lawrence Kanyuka said government forces shelled civilian areas on Saturday and continued the attacks into Sunday.
The research team, led by Flinders University in collaboration with international scientists, has determined that the immune system sometimes misinterprets a key blood protein, platelet factor 4 (PF4), as a virus protein. In extremely rare cases, this misunderstanding prompts the immune system to produce antibodies that cause blood clots to form.
Dr. Jing Jing Wang, the lead researcher, explained the significance of the findings:
“By modifying or removing this specific adenovirus protein, future vaccines can avoid this extremely rare reaction while continuing to provide strong protection against disease.”
This new understanding builds on previous studies and advances our knowledge of immune responses that lead to clotting disorders, particularly after the use of adenovirus-based vaccines, such as the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine.
These vaccines had been linked to the rare condition known as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), which prompted the scientific community to seek answers.
Professor Tom Gordon, a senior expert involved in the study, emphasized the importance of this discovery: “It has been a fascinating journey with an outstanding international team of collaborators to solve the mystery of this new group of blood clotting disorders.”
The study’s findings highlight a phenomenon known as molecular mimicry, where the immune system mistakenly identifies the PF4 protein as a viral agent.
This insight is crucial for the development of future vaccines. With this new knowledge, researchers can modify the design of adenovirus-based vaccines to prevent this rare side effect, ensuring their continued effectiveness in preventing COVID-19.
This discovery represents a critical step in improving vaccine safety and advancing the understanding of immune responses to viral infections.
Researchers are optimistic that these insights will not only benefit COVID-19 vaccination efforts but also contribute to the development of safer vaccines for other diseases in the future.
Scientists discover key to preventing rare blood clots linked to COVID-19 vaccines.
These talks, initially held in Doha, were relocated at the request of Qatar, the mediator in the process. The move comes as a result of escalating conflict involving the United States and Israel against Iran, which has destabilized parts of the Middle East and affected the region’s ability to host such diplomatic engagements.
According to reports published on April 10 by Jeune Afrique, the meetings will not take place in Geneva, and Switzerland will not play a direct role in the discussions. Instead, Qatari representatives are expected to participate remotely via video conference.
Among the key international figures expected to attend are Massad Boulos, Special Advisor to the U.S. President on Africa , and Vivian van de Perre, Deputy Head of the United Nations peacekeeping mission in DRC (MONUSCO) in charge of operations.
Mubita Luwabelwa, Executive Secretary of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR), is also expected to take part.
The AFC/M23 delegation will consist of six members led by its Permanent Secretary, Benjamin Mbonimpa. At the time of reporting, the composition of the DRC government delegation had not yet been made public.`
This phase of the peace talks will primarily focus on facilitating humanitarian assistance. Both sides are expected to discuss practical measures to ensure that aid organizations can effectively deliver support to civilians affected by the ongoing conflict in eastern DRC.
One of the major expectations from the international community is the reopening of Goma International Airport, which has been under AFC/M23 control since January 2025. Earlier in 2026, Vivian van de Perre visited Goma and formally conveyed this request to AFC/M23 leadership.
However, tensions remain. Reports indicate that AFC/M23 has been reluctant to proceed with discussions on humanitarian matters while key prior agreements remain unfulfilled. These include adherence to the ceasefire and the mutual release of prisoners.
AFC/M23 continues to accuse DRC government forces of carrying out daily attacks on areas under its control using drones, fighter jets, and heavy weaponry, resulting in civilian casualties.
Although both parties previously agreed to establish a joint ceasefire monitoring mechanism involving MONUSCO and the ICGLR, this initiative has yet to become operational.
Following AFC/M23’s withdrawal from the city of Uvira in January 2026, MONUSCO forces were expected to take over and oversee ceasefire compliance. While assessment missions have been conducted, full deployment and active monitoring have not yet begun.
In a previous humanitarian gesture, AFC/M23 allowed the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to transfer over 1,300 soldiers and police officers who had taken refuge in its controlled areas near Goma back to Kinshasa.
In March 2026, AFC/M23 announced plans to release 5,000 DRC soldiers, expressing hope that the government would reciprocate by freeing detained members of the group. However, confidence in such a reciprocal move has been steadily declining.
Available information indicates that by early 2026, the ICRC had already identified the locations and identities of AFC/M23 detainees. Despite this, no progress has been made, as the DRC government has not agreed to release them.
AFC/M23 maintains that continued military offensives and the refusal to release prisoners demonstrate a lack of genuine commitment to peace on the part of the DRC government.
Instead, the group argues that the government still appears to believe that the conflict can be resolved through military means rather than dialogue.
Peace talks are set to resume in Switzerland amid unfulfilled commitments by the DRC Government.
Rwanda, alongside the international community, is currently marking the 32nd commemoration of the Genocide against the Tutsi, during which more than one million people were killed in just 100 days.
Speaking at an event held on April 10, 2026, in remembrance of journalists who were killed during the Genocide, Dr. Bizimana highlighted the critical role played by the media in fueling the violence.
He explained that several high-ranking government officials were actively involved in the leadership of RTLM while still serving in state institutions.
Among them was Donath Hakizimana, then Secretary General of the National Intelligence Service, who was responsible for supplying RTLM with information and recruiting loyal, hardline journalists.
Gaspard Musabyimana, now living in Belgium where he operates Radio Inkingi an outlet that continues to promote genocide ideology was in charge of programming and coordination with intelligence networks.
Also involved was Ferdinand Nahimana, one of the principal ideologues of the Genocide, who authored propaganda encouraging Hutu unity against Tutsis under what was called the “civil self-defense” (Auto-défense civile) campaign.
These individuals, along with others, formed influential committees that recruited skilled and trusted journalists, many drawn from ORINFOR and used them to orchestrate propaganda campaigns that encouraged the killing of Tutsis.
Those recruited included Noheli Hitimana, Joel Hakizimana, Ananiya Nkurunziza, Georges Ruggiu, Valérie Bemeriki, Joseph Gatsikira, and others known for their engaging and persuasive broadcasting style, often centered on music, sports, and general entertainment.
Dr. Bizimana emphasized that Habimana Kantano stood out as one of RTLM’s most influential figures. He cleverly used his popularity as a passionate fan of Rayon Sports to mobilize members of the Interahamwe militia and incite them to commit killings.
He noted:“Kantano was widely recognized as a devoted Rayon Sports supporter. He often wore the club’s attire and carried a drum wherever he went. He was highly popular, and whenever he spoke on RTLM, many young people listened closely because of his influence.”
RTLM broadcasts frequently included explicit hate speech, such as: “Tutsis, you cockroaches, we will kill you.”
RTLM began broadcasting on July 8, 1993, and quickly became popular, particularly among young audiences, due to its modern and engaging programming. The station aired a wide range of music, including Zouk, Rumba, American genres, gospel songs, and more.
Its large audience enabled it to spread hatred and extremist propaganda with alarming ease, significantly contributing to the rapid escalation and widespread nature of the killings during the Genocide.
Ferdinand Nahimana was the Director of RTLM.Habimana Kantano used his association with Rayon Sports to incite Hutu youth to kill Tutsis.
In a statement, the deputy prime minister reiterated Pakistan’s willingness to continue facilitating the parties in achieving a lasting and durable solution, underscoring the importance of dialogue and cooperation in resolving disputes.
The statement came after the U.S. delegation arrived in Pakistan on Saturday. The Iranian team reached Pakistan earlier. The two sides are expected to have a negotiation to end recent hostilities in the Middle East.
This screenshot from a video clip shows U.S. Vice President JD Vance arriving at the Nur Khan airbase in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, on April 11, 2026. U.S. delegates led by Vice President JD Vance arrived in Pakistan on Saturday morning for talks with Iran, according to sources.
The Ministry of Interior announced on Saturday morning that Guelleh defeated his opponent, Mohamed Farah Samatar, presidential candidate for the Unified Democratic Center, who won 2.19 percent of the vote in Friday’s presidential election.
Guelleh, 78, declared victory in a social media post a few hours ahead of the official results, after early results gave him a huge lead.
Djibouti, a small country at the mouth of the Horn of Africa, is a major hub for international commerce and a key partner in the fight against sea piracy and transnational terrorism.
The Red Sea nation, with a population of about 1 million, is also the main foreign trade outlet for neighboring landlocked Ethiopia.
Djibouti’s incumbent President Ismail Omar Guelleh was re-elected for a sixth term with 97.81 percent of the vote
He made the remarks during the 32nd commemoration of the Genocide against the Tutsi held at the Ngororero Genocide Memorial in Ngororero Sector on April 10, 2026.
The memorial site holds the remains of more than 14,500 victims, most of whom were killed on April 10, 1994, after they had sought refuge in the former MRND party headquarters located at the site where the memorial now stands.
The Prime Minister noted that although Rwanda continues to make progress in rebuilding itself after the genocide, complacency must be avoided, as there are still individuals intent on dragging the country back into its tragic past.
“We must not be complacent because there are those who do not wish our country well. As you know and continue to hear, those who participated in the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi continue to deny it and spread genocide ideology in the region where Rwanda is located, especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo,” he said.
He added that such actions often take place while the international community looks on, as was the case in Rwanda in 1994 and before.
“The choices we made as Rwandans, as the President of the Republic has emphasized, are that the Genocide against the Tutsi will never happen again in Rwanda,” he said.
He stressed that this commitment goes hand in hand with closing all possible paths that could allow genocide ideology to take root again, as well as strengthening self-reliance through hard work.
The Prime Minister also called on young people to take the lead in understanding the country’s history so they can effectively confront those who still promote genocide ideology, especially through online platforms. He also urged parents to be truthful with their children about what happened.
He commended the bravery of the Nyange students, who refused to be divided when they were attacked by infiltrators, saying their courage remains a powerful symbol of national unity.
Ngororero District Mayor Christophe Nkusi said that killings in the area began as early as 1990, and that more than 57,000 Tutsi were killed in the district and are laid to rest in seven memorial sites across different sectors. Mayor Nkusi expressed concern that some victims’ remains have still not been recovered, urging residents to continue sharing information about their locations.
“I once again strongly urge the residents of Ngororero District not to hide information about whereabouts of remains that have not yet been recovered and buried with dignity. This helps bring comfort to families who lost their loved ones and strengthens the unity and resilience we have committed to as Rwandans,” he said.
He added that even after the genocide was stopped, Ngororero was later affected by attacks from “infiltrators” led by former political and military leaders originally from the district. He said these were eventually defeated by the unity government, and the area is now peaceful and developing.
Annoncée Manirarora, a commissioner in IBUKA, the genocide survivors’ organization, said that Ngororero’s genocide history is unique because killings began as early as 1990.
Ngororero District today comprises the former Kabaya and Ngororero sub-prefectures.
The former Ngororero sub-prefecture included the communes of Kibilira, Ramba, Satinsyi, and Gaseke, where killings began well before 1994.
In Kibilira Commune, more than 400 Tutsi were killed between October 10 and 13, 1990. Additional killings were recorded in February 1992.
In Satinsyi Commune, killings had been going on before 1994, while in Ramba Commune, atrocities were intensified by speeches and mobilization efforts, including those of Dr. Léon Mugesera, who is accused of inciting violence during a public meeting in Birembo.
Similar patterns of violence were also reported in Gaseke Commune before 1994.
Premier Nsengiyumva joined residents of Ngororero during the commemoration event. The event was also marked by laying of wreaths at mass graves at the memorial. Prime Minister Dr. Justin Nsengiyumva has said that Rwanda’s choices following the Genocide against the Tutsi have provided strong assurance that such atrocities will never happen again. Ngororero District Mayor Christophe Nkusi said that killings in the area began as early as 1990. Annoncée Manirarora, a commissioner in IBUKA, the genocide survivors’ organization, said that Ngororero’s genocide history is unique because killings began as early as 1990.
