The procedure was carried out to treat fetal anemia caused by insufficient blood, particularly low red blood cells.
If left untreated, this condition could lead to fetal death or premature delivery in the early stages of pregnancy.
Dr. Nshimiyumuremyi Emmanuel, a maternal-fetal medicine specialist at CHUK, explained that the problem arose from a blood type mismatch between the mother and the fetus.
The mother had blood type O-, while the fetus had Rh-positive blood. This mismatch caused the mother’s immune system to produce antibodies that attacked the fetus’s blood, leading to anemia.
The pregnant woman, who was seven months along, initially sought care at a health center but was referred to a district hospital. Upon further examination, it was discovered that the fetus had low blood levels, necessitating intervention at CHUK.
Upon arrival at CHUK, an ultrasound confirmed that the fetus was indeed anemic. Further tests revealed the mother’s blood type and the cause of the immune reaction.
Normally, women with Rh-negative blood receive medication after childbirth to prevent future immune responses. However, in this case, the woman had not received the medication, possibly due to an oversight during her previous delivery.
Given the urgency of the situation and the rarity of the procedure in Rwanda, the medical team decided to proceed with the transfusion, using blood that matched the mother’s type. This prevented her immune system from attacking the fetus’s blood.
“The procedure was successful, and the fetus is doing well,” said Dr. Nshimiyumuremyi. “We will continue monitoring the baby and provide further transfusions until birth to ensure a safe delivery.”
He also stressed the importance of early screening for pregnant women, including checking for blood type compatibility with the fetus, and taking immediate action if issues arise.
“Blood transfusions in the womb are rare in Rwanda and the region. This breakthrough demonstrates our medical progress and underscores the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in saving lives,” he noted.
During the procedure, specialized needles were used to inject blood directly into the fetal bloodstream, a delicate and precise task.
Dr. Nshimiyumuremyi assured that the blood transfused was of the universal O- type, ensuring no adverse effects for the fetus.
He urged expectant mothers to undergo early prenatal check-ups, including blood type tests, to ensure compatibility with their babies and called on healthcare workers to quickly refer mothers with Rh-negative blood to higher-level facilities for further care.
The World Health Organization (WHO) had issued a health alert on Tuesday, indicating that nine suspected cases of Marburg virus disease had been reported over the past five days in the Kagera region, with at least eight people having died.
The global health agency, citing reliable information from local sources, noted that the cases were reported in the districts of Biharamulo and Muleba, where symptoms such as high fever, vomiting with blood, and severe weakness were observed in the affected patients.
However, Tanzania’s Health Minister, Jenista Mhagama, announced on Wednesday that after laboratory tests, all samples from the suspected cases had returned negative for the Marburg virus.
She reassured the international community that the country had strengthened its disease surveillance systems and monitoring efforts, emphasizing that authorities would continue to keep WHO and other global organizations updated on any developments.
“We would like to assure the international organisations, including WHO, that we shall always keep them up to date with ongoing developments,” Mhagama stated in a statement.
Tanzania experienced its first Marburg outbreak in March 2023 in the Bukoba district in the Kagera region. It killed six people and lasted for nearly two months.
The Kagera region is known to harbour zoonotic reservoirs, such as fruit bats, which are natural hosts of the Marburg virus.
WHO had assessed the national risk level as high due to the outbreak’s high case-fatality ratio (CFR) of 89%, its geographic spread across two districts, and the involvement of healthcare workers among the suspected cases.
As these cellular factories gradually slow their production, they unveil the striking silver tones that characterize mature hair. At the heart of hair pigmentation lies melanin, the remarkable compound responsible for giving our hair its distinctive color.
Produced by specialized cells called melanocytes, melanin comes in two primary forms: eumelanin, which creates brown and black pigments, and pheomelanin, responsible for red and blonde shades. These pigments combine in varying proportions to create the vast spectrum of natural hair colors observed in humans.
Jenipher Niyonziza, a Medical Doctor based at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital in Musanze district explains that melanocytes don’t work alone in this intricate process. She says that they partner with hair follicle cells, orchestrating a complex biological dance that determines hair color.
Niyonziza, who exhibits a keen interest in Dermatology says that during hair growth, melanocytes transfer melanin to keratinocytes, the cells that form the hair shaft. “This transfer occurs through a fascinating process called melanin unit transfer, where pigment-containing packages are delivered to growing hair cells,” she says.
As one ages, several changes occur within the hair follicles that contribute to the silvering process. The melanocytes gradually become less efficient at producing melanin, and some may stop functioning altogether.
This decline isn’t uniform across all hair follicles, which explains why some areas of hair turn gray while others retain their original color. The process typically begins with a reduction in melanin production, leading to lighter shades before eventually resulting in white hair.
Niyonziza also says that genes play a crucial role in determining when and how quickly hair turns silver. Scientific research has identified several genes involved in the timing of hair graying, including IRF4, which helps regulate melanin production.
These genetic factors explain why some people begin to notice silver strands in their twenties while others maintain their natural color well into their fifties or beyond.
{{Environmental influences and stress factor on hair color}}
While genetics set the stage for when hair begins to turn silver, environmental factors can significantly impact this timeline.
Oxidative stress, caused by factors such as pollution, UV radiation, and certain lifestyle choices, can accelerate the graying process by damaging melanocytes and disrupting melanin production. This explains why smokers often experience premature graying compared to non-smokers.
Recent scientific research has revealed fascinating insights into the relationship between stress and hair graying. Chronic stress can affect the melanocyte stem cells responsible for maintaining the population of melanin-producing cells.
When these stem cells become depleted, the affected hair follicles can no longer produce pigmented hair, resulting in silver strands.
{{Medical conditions and the role of nutrition}}
The food we eat can influence the health of our hair follicles and their ability to produce pigment. Essential nutrients such as vitamin B12, folate, copper, and vitamin D play crucial roles in melanin production and overall hair health.
A deficiency in these nutrients may contribute to premature graying, highlighting the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining natural hair color.
Several medical conditions can influence the graying process. Autoimmune disorders, thyroid problems, and vitiligo can all affect melanin production and lead to premature graying.
Understanding these medical connections helps healthcare providers better diagnose and treat underlying conditions that may be contributing to unexpected hair color changes.
According Niyonziza, while the natural graying process is generally considered permanent, some research suggests that addressing underlying nutritional deficiencies or health conditions may help restore some hair color in certain cases.
However, these instances are relatively rare and typically occur only when the graying is caused by reversible factors rather than natural aging.
The emergence of silver hair represents more than just a cosmetic change; it marks a natural milestone in the human biological journey. While society has traditionally viewed gray hair through the lens of aging, many people now celebrate their silver strands as a symbol of wisdom and authenticity.
This shift in perspective has led to the “silver revolution,” where individuals proudly showcase their natural hair color transition.
As scientists continue to explore the mechanisms behind hair graying, seeking to understand better how to maintain or restore natural hair color, recent advances in stem cell research and genetic studies offer promising insights into potential future treatments for those who wish to maintain their natural hair color longer.
The journey from pigmented to silver hair involves complex biological processes influenced by genetics, environment, and lifestyle choices. Understanding these mechanisms not only satisfies scientific curiosity but also helps make informed decisions about hair care and maintenance.
Whether choosing to embrace the silver or seek ways to maintain natural color, knowledge of these processes empowers humanity to approach the transition with confidence and understanding.
As research continues to unlock new insights into hair biology, additional factors that influence the graying process may be discovered.
Until then, appreciating the intricate science behind this natural transformation helps one view silver strands not as a sign of aging but as a testament to the fascinating biological processes at work within the human body.
The new medication, designed to reduce the risk of HIV infection among individuals, is being tested at two health centers in Kigali: Gikondo and Busanza.
The pilot phase began on January 3 and is expected to last for a year, during which time the effectiveness and acceptance of the treatment will be evaluated. Based on the results, plans for a nationwide rollout may follow.
Dr. Basile Ikuzo, the Director of the HIV Prevention Unit at the Rwanda Biomedical Center (RBC), explained that the injectable form, known as Cabotegravir (CAB-LA), is administered once every two months.
The treatment offers a significant advantage over the daily oral PrEP regimen, providing a more convenient and discreet option for individuals facing adherence challenges.
“This is not for the general population but specifically for high-risk groups such as female sex workers, men who have sex with men (MSM), discordant couples, and adolescent girls and young women,” Dr. Ikuzo told The New Times.
The new injection could also help reduce the stigma often associated with daily oral PrEP, particularly among younger people.
Rwanda has seen notable success in its fight against HIV, with new cases dropping from 10,000 annually a decade ago to around 3,000 today.
Dr. Ikuzo emphasized that expanding prevention methods is crucial to continuing this progress.
“This initiative is part of our broader strategy to ensure everyone at risk has access to the best tools for protection,” he added.
Injectable PrEP, like oral PrEP, will be provided free of charge, and the RBC has already begun efforts to raise awareness about this new option. A larger public education campaign is expected to roll out by the end of June, targeting those most at risk.
The Ministry shared this message on its X account, urging the public to take preventive measures during the cold months, as flu cases tend to peak at this time of year.
“Influenza A, which is caused by the Influenza virus, typically affects people during the colder months. The virus is especially common among children under five, pregnant women, and elderly individuals with weakened immune systems,” the Ministry said.
Symptoms of the flu include severe coughing, chills, fatigue, headaches, loss of appetite and thirst, sore throat, difficulty breathing, vomiting, and fever, particularly in children. According to the Ministry, “As of this year, 6.6% of the population has been affected by Influenza A across the country.”
The data shows that the virus was most prevalent between April and July in 2022, and between January and May in 2023. For 2024, the flu is expected to peak from January to March.
The Ministry advises people to take preventive actions such as frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with others, and seeking medical help if flu symptoms appear. “We encourage everyone to be vigilant and adhere to these health protocols,” the Ministry added.
The University of Kigali Teaching Hospitals (CHUK) echoed these precautions, advising its staff, patients, caregivers, and visitors to take special care during this period of heightened flu activity.
CHUK issued a statement on January 6, 2025, reinforcing the importance of flu prevention measures. By staying alert and taking proper care, the spread of Influenza A can be managed effectively, safeguarding public health during this season.
The Mpox outbreak, which began on July 24, 2024, has affected 52 districts, with over 784 confirmed cases and significant disruptions to public health infrastructure.
WHO and Uganda’s Ministry of Health have made significant strides in containment and response efforts, including deploying 5,000 health workers, setting up 25 isolation units, and mobilizing surveillance and risk communication strategies nationwide.
Despite the advances, the funding shortfall threatens to derail critical interventions such as infection prevention, case management, and community awareness initiatives.
With $11 million still needed from the total $12.9 million response budget, WHO has called on global partners to step up their contributions.
Current support has primarily come from nations like the United States, Germany, Canada, and others, alongside the WHO Foundation.
“More funds are needed to bridge the 85% funding gap given the high utilization rate of available funds and needs on the ground,” WHO Representative Dr. Charles Njuguna emphasized.
“WHO calls all partners to urgently support the Government of Uganda through increasing their financial contributions towards the Mpox response,” he added.
The WHO stressed that immediate action is essential to prevent the outbreak from further escalating and ensure a sustained, robust response.
Additional funding will expand health worker training, establish permanent isolation spaces, and enhance mental health services.
The Mpox outbreak in Uganda originated in the neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where an outbreak has been ongoing since January 2023. To date, the DRC has reported over 22,000 suspected Mpox cases and more than 1,200 suspected deaths.
According to the latest Statistical Year Book 2024 published by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), maternal mortality, which stood at 1,071 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2000, has now fallen to 203 per 100,000.
The sharp decline reflects the effectiveness of the government’s targeted healthcare policies and the country’s robust approach to maternal health.
Several key factors have driven this reduction. One major contributor is the increase in antenatal care coverage, with nearly 98% of mothers in Rwanda receiving at least one antenatal visit by 2023. The improvement in early detection and intervention has played a crucial role in reducing maternal deaths.
Skilled birth attendance has also been central to this progress, with 94% of births now attended by skilled health professionals, ensuring safer deliveries.
Additionally, improved access to emergency obstetric care has helped reduce maternal mortality. The rise in Caesarean sections and enhanced surgical capacity have ensured better outcomes for mothers facing complications during childbirth.
The gains in maternal health are part of a broader trend of improving child health. Both infant and under-five mortality rates have seen substantial reductions. Infant mortality has dropped from 107 per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 33 in 2023, while under-five mortality has decreased from 196 to 45 per 1,000.
Key interventions have contributed to these reductions. High vaccination rates have played a pivotal role, with over 96% of children immunized by 2023, helping to combat preventable diseases.
Furthermore, community health worker programs continue to be vital in screening for malnutrition and providing timely interventions for children under five.
The report also highlights progress in addressing stunting and malnutrition. The prevalence of stunting decreased from 51% in 2005 to 33% in 2023. Severe malnutrition cases have also seen a dramatic decline, with 97% of children now classified as having normal nutritional status in recent screenings.
Key contributors to this success include growth monitoring programs, with over 1.5 million screenings conducted in 2023, as well as improved nutritional outcomes due to enhanced hospitalization and outpatient treatments for malnutrition.
Rwanda’s healthcare success is also attributed to comprehensive health policies. Health insurance coverage reached an impressive 97.3% in 2023, ensuring that families from all backgrounds can access care.
The Community Health Worker (CHW) program has been instrumental in providing decentralized healthcare, enabling millions of children to receive vital screenings and interventions. Moreover, investments in infrastructure have expanded access to both essential and emergency care, particularly in district hospitals and health centers.
Additionally, focused efforts on maternal and child nutrition, including supplementation programs and education, have significantly contributed to improving overall health outcomes.
The antioxidants in honey work for the benefit of a healthy heart. From heart disease prevention and keeping blood pressure in control to fighting bad fat, honey is good for your heart.
Honey also works to keep your brain healthy by fighting memory issues, anxiety and any depression troubles. It has multi-nutrients like copper, and riboflavin that keep you fit.
The natural sugar content in honey is good for your health if it is in the right quantity. If suffering from cough and cold, honey is used to combat it and at times, with other natural ingredients.
Honey can be used on your skin for general skincare, and help in healing wounds and cuts. You can call honey a superfood to solve all your troubles.
{{4 ways to use honey}}
Incorporate honey in your breakfast in simple ways like replacing sugar in milk, coffee, smoothies and tea, in oats as a sweetener, over your toast or pancakes, in warm water as an early morning energizer and so on. Your morning sugar rush is healthily managed.
A small amount of honey applied to your skin for a short while acts as a great moisturizer for dried skin. Mix it with natural ingredients that suit your skin and use it as a face pack for skincare. Apply a small amount of honey to heal your scars and wounds.
You can incorporate honey in healthy lunches and dinners like using it in salad dressings or glazing roasted dishes. You can even make healthy snacks like nutrition or granola bars by including honey in the ingredients instead of sugar.
If suffering from a cold and cough, a spoonful of honey is therapeutic. You can also add it to herbal tea, lemon water or warm water for better benefits. Mix honey with crushed ginger or clove and have a small dose from time to time to cure cough and cold.
As of December 15, 2024, Africa has recorded 13,769 confirmed Mpox cases across 20 countries, resulting in 60 deaths, according to WHO’s latest report.
The DRC remains the epicenter, accounting for 9,513 confirmed cases. While the epidemic trend in the DRC has stabilized in recent weeks, WHO warns against overconfidence, citing potential delays in reporting.
The outbreak has been complicated by the emergence of clade 1b, a more virulent and poorly understood variant first identified in the DRC in September 2023.
This strain has since been detected in other countries, including Sweden and Thailand, marking its geographical expansion beyond Africa.
Mpox, caused by the monkeypox virus, is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals, contaminated materials, or animals. Clade 1b’s estimated mortality rate of 3.6% is significantly higher than that of earlier strains, raising global alarm.
The WHO emphasized the need for continued vigilance, noting the limited understanding of clade 1b’s transmissibility and long-term impact. Efforts to monitor and control the outbreak are ongoing as cases continue to be reported both within and outside Africa.
As of early July 2024, the country had over 25,000 doctors, with the 4×4 reform expected to increase this number to 58,582 by 2028. The reform, which requires an investment of over $395 million, has made significant strides by the end of 2024.
A report from the Ministry of Health reveals that Rwanda received $62 million (over 86.3 billion Frw) in funding, which has been used for student scholarships, educational resources, equipment purchases, infrastructure development, and facility renovations—all aligned with the 4×4 initiative.
A key component of the program has been the expansion of medical schools. In 2024, the number of midwifery schools increased from four to eleven, while nursing schools grew by four, reaching a total of twelve.
Additionally, the African Health Sciences University (AHSU) has been fully accredited to operate in Rwanda, and it began accepting students for medical specializations in November 2024.
Similarly, the University of Medical Sciences and Technology (UMST) has been granted accreditation to offer undergraduate programs in general medicine and dentistry.
This year, the number of students entering the medical field has grown by 3.7 times, supported by the hiring of qualified instructors to maintain high educational standards.
The Ministry of Health also introduced advanced training programs for midwifery specialists, mirroring the training offered to doctors pursuing specializations in various medical fields.
The University of Rwanda has enhanced its capacity to increase the number of students pursuing Master’s degrees in medicine, with a 40% increase this year.
Two new Master’s programs focusing on ophthalmology and diagnostic imaging were launched.
The program has also expanded training for gynecologists, establishing new training programs in 10 district hospitals.
Specialist doctors capable of both treating and teaching were selected and placed in these hospitals to mentor others in gynecology.
Each hospital received two specialists, along with support teams of nurses, pediatricians, obstetricians, and other professionals, providing services comparable to those offered at the four main teaching hospitals: Kanombe Military Hospital, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, and the University Teaching Hospital of Butare.
International partnerships have played a key role, facilitating the first cohort of 44 doctors sent to Ethiopia, where they will specialize in treating various critical conditions.
In addition, 13 specialized training programs were introduced at the University of Rwanda, including those in kidney transplantation, cancer treatment, and neonatal care.
Currently, 11 medical training programs are being offered across Rwanda, with 13 doctors expected to complete their studies in 2024.
Additionally, 26 doctors are undergoing specialization abroad in countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia, India, Israel, France, and Tanzania.
Rwanda has signed partnership agreements with institutions in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Americas, and the Caribbean to further enhance its healthcare education.
Meanwhile, 45 other doctors have been approved for training in Rwanda. While significant progress has been made, the Ministry of Health recognizes that funding challenges remain.
In 2025, there are 8,350 opportunities for medical training, but only 1,418 scholarships (17%) have been awarded thus far.
