These lakes, believed to have formed simultaneously through volcanic activity, offer visitors a rare and peaceful experience. Known as the twin lakes due to their proximity and the fact that one feeds into the other, Burera and Ruhondo have a shared yet unique charm.
Historically, the lakes were formed when volcanic eruptions altered the course of the River Nyabarongo, redirecting its waters into the Burera valley.
As Lake Burera filled, its excess water flowed into Lake Ruhondo, eventually giving birth to the Mukungwa River. These lakes are nestled among rolling hills, majestic volcanoes, and vibrant local communities, offering a picturesque backdrop for exploration.
A narrow 1-kilometer strip of land separates the two lakes, which together cover an area of about 28,000 hectares. Beyond their natural allure, the lakes carry deep cultural significance.
One such story is the island of Akanyaseke, where pregnant girls were once exiled due to societal stigmas. While this practice has long since been abandoned, the island stands as a historical reminder of past cultural beliefs.
Lake Burera is dotted with several islands, some inhabited and others untouched, providing an ideal escape for those seeking tranquility and a closer connection with nature.
Tourists visiting the lakes can indulge in nature walks, boat trips, birdwatching, and exploring islands such as Bushongo, Bishosho, Munanira, Muhabura, and Cuza.
The terraced hills encircling the lakes also offer excellent picnic spots, providing a perfect setting to enjoy a meal while admiring the stunning views of the lakes, birds, and surrounding landscapes.
The twin lakes of Burera and Ruhondo not only offer scenic beauty but also invite visitors to immerse themselves in the region’s unique history and culture. They are a perfect post-gorilla trekking destination for those exploring Volcanoes National Park.
Adding to their significance, the lakes are also home to Rwanda’s first hydroelectric power plant, Ntaruka, which was built in 1959 and continues to operate today, symbolizing the area’s contribution to Rwanda’s development.
For instance, a 2012 Kia Sorento with a 3.3-liter engine, which was valued at $26,399 when imported in January, now has an estimated value of $28,838.
Similarly, a 2012 Kia Sportage with a 3.5-liter engine, previously valued at $25,139, has seen its price jump to $29,260, representing an increase of over $3,000.
This rise in car prices inevitably affects the taxes owed, as taxes are calculated based on the vehicle’s current market value and its age.
To provide a clearer picture, consider a 2012 Kia Sportage that is assessed as being 12 years old when it arrives at customs in Rwanda.
While its initial value was set at $25,139, tax authorities previously valued it at $5,027, considering depreciation. Today, when the same vehicle arrives at customs, its value is calculated at Frw 8,415,408 (Rwandan Francs).
This value is then used to calculate the tax, which amounted to Frw6.2 million, bringing the car’s total value to Frw14 million. With the current pricing, the car is now valued at $29,260, and its tax will be Frw 7.6 million, meaning an increase of approximately Frw 1.4 million.
This pattern is consistent across nearly all vehicles, with price increases observed in comparison to the values calculated earlier in the year. These new prices were implemented on September 3rd.
A notable example of this trend is a popular car in Rwanda, the Mercedes Benz C200 from 2014 with a 2.0-liter engine.
Earlier in the year, this vehicle was valued at $24,629, but today, its price has soared to $37,000, reflecting an increase of over $12,000.
Other vehicles have experienced similar increases. For instance, the price of a 2011 Benz C200 with a 1.8L engine and 4WD, which was previously valued at $24,464, has now risen to $32,166.
A 2003 Toyota Rav4 with a 2.0L engine saw a price increase from $18,229 to $19,113. The cost of a 2013 Kia Cadenza/K7 with a 2.0L engine jumped from $25,074 to $26,714, while the price of a 2013 Kia K5 with a 2.0L engine surged from $18,991 to $24,317.
Similarly, a 2013 Hyundai Tucson with a 2.0L engine increased from $18,802 to $22,814, and a 2013 Toyota Camry with a 2.5L engine rose from $20,535 to $24,317.
The sudden increase in car prices has sparked concern among car dealers in Rwanda, especially for those who have vehicles already in customs.
The new prices apply not only to newly imported cars but also to vehicles already awaiting clearance.
One car dealer shared their frustration, saying that the Rwanda Revenue Authority (RRA) has insisted that the new prices must be adhered to, even though they were unexpected and many dealers were unprepared.
The dealer pointed out that if someone had ordered a car with a specific budget in mind, they would now find that the taxes they anticipated paying have changed.
Another dealer shared an example, noting that they had ordered a car expecting to pay Frw 13 million in taxes, only to discover that the tax had increased to Frw 20 million.
In response to these concerns, the Rwanda Revenue Authority has clarified that the changes in car prices are normal and legal adjustments aimed at aligning prices with current exchange rates.
According to Jean Paulin Uwitonze, the Deputy Commissioner for Taxpayer Services and Communication at RRA, the fluctuations in car prices used for tax calculations are primarily driven by changes in exchange rates and increases in sea freight costs, which are factored into the calculation of customs duties.
The RRA regularly reviews vehicle prices to ensure they match those provided by manufacturers, and that taxes are calculated accurately based on the latest market values.
From a surprise appointment to impressive double-digit growth in gross written premium, she has embraced both challenges and opportunities with a clear focus on the future.
During an exclusive interview with IGIHE, Igoma shared the driving forces behind her leadership, key milestones in her career, and her insights on the evolving insurance landscape in Rwanda.
{{Career path and education}}
With a strong background in finance and insurance, Igoma brings a wealth of experience and passion to her role, ensuring that Mayfair Insurance remains competitive in the Rwandan market while also aligning with global industry trends.
Igoma’s journey to the top has been a story of perseverance and professional growth.
Reflecting on her appointment as Managing Director, she admits that it was a surprise, despite her longstanding involvement with Mayfair as a member of the Board of Directors.
“I felt valued and appreciated,” Igoma says. “I was humbled by the confidence that the shareholders and the Board placed in me.”
Her sense of duty and excitement was matched by the recognition of her ability to steer the company forward.
Igoma’s career trajectory reveals a deep understanding of both the technical and operational aspects of business.
“Starting from the bottom and working your way up is crucial for building a successful career,” she shares.
Igoma’s earlier roles gave her insight into the workings of various organizational layers.
She rose through the ranks, eventually heading the Finance Department at her previous job, where she established a Treasury Department and implemented measures that enhanced organizational efficiency.
These milestones prepared her for the multi-faceted responsibilities of leading Mayfair Insurance in an evolving industry.
Education has played a pivotal role in shaping Igoma’s professional path. Armed with a Business Administration degree from the College of Science and Technology (formerly Kigali Institute of Science and Technology) and a Master’s in finance and management from the University of St. Andrews in the UK, she also pursued certifications in diverse areas such as Corporate Governance, Anti-Money Laundering, Reinsurance, and Insurance.
“These qualifications equipped me with the technical know-how to perform tasks required of me in middle management and cross-cutting functions,” she notes.
This solid foundation in both academic and practical fields has enabled Igoma to navigate the complex landscape of finance and insurance with confidence.
{{Motivation and leadership}}
Her decision to enter the finance sector was influenced early on by her mother, who was both a teacher and an accountant.
“Growing up, I was fascinated by my mother’s ability to do complex calculations in her head,” Igoma recalls.
This exposure sparked a lifelong interest in numbers and finance, which led her to pursue a career that combined these elements.
The insurance industry, in particular, resonated with her due to its potential for growth in Rwanda.
“With the industry’s penetration rate still below 2% in Rwanda, there is significant potential for growth,” she says. Igoma is determined to contribute to the industry’s development and seize the opportunities it presents.
Since assuming her role at Mayfair, Igoma has led several key initiatives aimed at strengthening the company’s market position.
A priority has been full digitization, a transformation she believes is essential for future growth.
“We have made notable progress in our digitalization journey,” Igoma reports, emphasizing that technological advancements are key to improving client service and operational efficiency.
The integration of artificial intelligence and data analytics, for instance, has enhanced Mayfair’s risk assessment capabilities, claims processing, and overall customer experience.
{{Growth}}
Profitability has also been a major focus. Under Igoma’s leadership, Mayfair Insurance has seen remarkable growth.
“Mayfair Insurance is on a strong growth trajectory, achieving double-digit growth. Our Gross Written Premium [GWP] increased by 28% last year, and as of June 2024, we’ve seen a 42% growth year-on-year,” she shares.
This impressive performance is a testament to the company’s strong growth trajectory.
For Igoma, profitability goes hand-in-hand with operational efficiency, and she has worked tirelessly to streamline processes and reduce costs, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction and improving the company’s bottom line.
{{Customer-centric approach}}
At the heart of Igoma’s strategy is a customer-centric approach. She believes that understanding and addressing the specific needs of Rwandan customers is essential for remaining relevant in the market.
“A customer-centric approach ensures that the company remains relevant and responsive to market demands,” she explains.
This focus extends to product development, where Mayfair is continuously innovating to meet the evolving needs of its clientele.
By introducing niche products like index-based insurance, the company is addressing gaps in the market and offering solutions tailored to its customers’ requirements.
{{Talent development and gender equality}}
In addition to digital transformation and customer satisfaction, Igoma places a high value on talent development within the organization.
“Attracting and retaining top talent is critical for fostering a culture of innovation and collaboration,” she says. Igoma is committed to building a strong, capable team, which she views as essential for maintaining Mayfair’s competitive edge in the industry.
She has worked to create a supportive work environment that encourages professional growth, particularly for women, who are underrepresented in the finance and insurance sectors.
One of Igoma’s most notable achievements since taking on the role of Managing Director has been Mayfair Insurance’s decision to join Women in Finance Rwanda, an initiative aimed at promoting gender equality and diversity in the workplace.
“This decision reflects Mayfair Insurance’s commitment to creating an inclusive environment where women can thrive and advance in their careers,” Igoma explains.
The partnership also allows the company to contribute to the empowerment of women in the finance industry by supporting initiatives that provide women with the tools, resources, and networks they need to succeed.
{{The future of Mayfair Insurance}}
Looking ahead, Igoma is excited about Mayfair Insurance’s future, particularly its ongoing digitalization journey.
“We look forward to becoming fully digitalized within the next two to three years,” she shares, noting that this transformation will position the company to better serve its clients and adapt to changing market conditions.
As Rwanda’s insurance market continues to evolve, Mayfair is well-positioned to thrive, thanks in no small part to Igoma’s strategic leadership and forward-thinking approach.
{{Advice to aspiring women in finance and insurance}}
Igoma also offers advice to young women aspiring to build successful careers in finance and insurance.
“Never stop learning. Whether it’s gaining new technical skills, staying updated on industry trends, or pursuing further education, continuous learning will keep you competitive and open to new opportunities,” she advises.
Igoma also encourages women to seek out challenges, take risks, cultivate resilience, build a strong network, be open to feedback, prioritize work-life integration, and develop confidence, all of which are essential for navigating the complexities of the business world.
“While it’s important to be ambitious, also be patient with your career progression. Success takes time, and it’s important to build a solid foundation,” she concluded.
Known as the “Land of a Thousand Hills” due to its picturesque, hilly landscape, Rwanda has garnered global attention for its homegrown solutions that have paved the way for its people to prosper.
Its commitment to development, innovative governance, and national reconciliation has been coupled with a deep respect for cultural identity.
This has brought the spotlight not only to its history and landscapes but also to its deep-rooted cultural heritage, a significant part of which is woven with mythical legends and stories that have been passed down through generations.
Alongside the country’s scenic beauty, rich biodiversity, and historical sites, the vibrant culture of Rwanda adds another dimension that draws both attention and admiration.
And within this culture, mythical characters that have defined traditional Rwandan folklore stand as important symbols that tell stories of morality, bravery, trickery, and wisdom.
{{Gihanga: The Founder of Rwanda}}
Gihanga is considered the legendary founder of the Kingdom of Rwanda. According to oral tradition, he is credited with introducing several foundational elements of civilization to the African Great Lakes region, including fire, cattle, metalworking, hunting, woodworking, and pottery. His story is one of grandeur, mixing leadership, spirituality, and innovation, making him an iconic figure in Rwandan folklore.
Legend has it that Gihanga was born from the union of two lineages, both with celestial connections. His paternal lineage is traced back to Kigwa, a heavenly being who descended to earth to establish the royal line in Rwanda. Gihanga’s mother, on the other hand, was believed to have descended from a more earthly lineage, connecting him to both divine and human origins.
From his father, Kazi, Gihanga learned the art of blacksmithing, which was essential for the development of Rwandan society. His life, according to oral tradition, was one of movement and learning. He lived in several places during his childhood, including the village of Mubari in the east and his maternal uncle’s village in Bugoyi, located in the northwest of Rwanda.
The reign of Gihanga is thought to have occurred in the 11th century, marking the establishment of the Kingdom of Rwanda. Though no physical evidence exists to support the historical accuracy of Gihanga’s life, many Rwandans firmly believe in his existence. His genealogy has been recorded in a book titled Inganji Kalinga, written by Monsignor Alexis Kagame, a prominent figure in Rwandan historical literature.
Gihanga’s legacy is not just about leadership but also about innovation and spirituality. He was succeeded by his son, Kanyarwanda Gahima, and his remains were believed to have been buried in Muganza, Rukoma, where his legend continues to inspire Rwandans.
{{Ngunda: The Man of Unmatched Strength and Greed}}
Ngunda is another mythical figure whose name resonates across Rwanda. Known for his immense physical strength and insatiable greed, Ngunda was a man of extremes. His legend is that of a man who tilled the land with such power and ate with such hunger that he left a lasting mark on the landscape.
The hills of Rwanda are said to be the mounds resulting from Ngunda’s tireless work. His ancestral land was located in Rubona and Musasu, but his ownership stretched as far as Nyundo in Bugoyi, a region now part of Rubavu District.
One of the most famous stories about Ngunda involves his visit to his father-in-law, Mirenge. As a gesture of goodwill, Ngunda offered to help cultivate the land. Mirenge gave him 50 hoes, thinking it would be sufficient for the task. But Ngunda’s strength was so great that he wore down all 50 hoes in a single day, leaving them unusable.
When it came time for dinner, Ngunda astonished his hosts by devouring an entire cow, several baskets of bread, and countless jars of beer, yet he was still not satisfied. His voracious appetite, like his strength, knew no limits.
Despite his remarkable contributions to cultivating Rwanda’s land, little is known about Ngunda’s origins or when he died. His legacy endures, however, in the tales of his strength and the landscapes he is said to have shaped.
{{Semuhanuka and Muhanuka: The Masters of Deception}}
Semuhanuka and his son, Muhanuka, are legendary figures in Rwanda known for their skill in deception. The father-son duo is renowned for their ability to weave elaborate lies, often competing to see who could tell the most outrageous story.
One famous tale recounts how Muhanuka, after stepping outside to relieve himself, returned to his father holding his head in pain. When asked what had happened, Muhanuka claimed he had hit his head on the sky. His father complimented the creativity of the lie but urged him to consider other options, as the exaggeration was too much.
The stories of Semuhanuka and Muhanuka serve as humorous anecdotes in Rwandan folklore, highlighting the art of storytelling and exaggeration. While their lives remain shrouded in mystery, their legendary lies are remembered to this day, offering a glimpse into the playful side of Rwandan culture.
{{Ndabaga: The Heroine Who Defied Tradition}}
Ndabaga is one of the most celebrated female figures in Rwandan folklore. Born in the early 1700s as the only child of Nyamutezi from Bwishaza, Ndabaga’s story is one of courage, resilience, and defiance of traditional gender roles.
During her time, Rwandan law required men to serve in the king’s army until they could be replaced by their sons. As Nyamutezi had no sons, his fate was to die in service to the king.
But Ndabaga, determined to save her father from such a fate, took matters into her own hands. She trained herself in the art of combat, pushing her body to its limits until she could fight as well as, if not better than, any man.
To replace her father in the army, Ndabaga had to conceal her gender, even going so far as to flatten her breasts to disguise herself as a boy. Her bravery paid off, and she eventually took her father’s place in the king’s service.
In recognition of her extraordinary courage, Ndabaga was rewarded with cattle, a gesture that sparked jealousy among the men of her village. Her story is immortalized in the Rwandan saying, “Ibintu byageze iwa Ndabaga,” symbolizing the act of seeking unexpected solution to a difficult situation.
{{Mwungeri: The Man of Integrity}}
Mwungeri, the son of Nyankaka, lived in Gisali, Kinazi, and is remembered for his integrity and honesty. However, these qualities made him the target of jealousy from those around him. His detractors refused to lend him a bull for breeding, forcing his cows to mate with a mystical bull from the underworld.
This act of jealousy backfired, as Mwungeri’s herd multiplied rapidly, bringing him prosperity. But his good fortune did not last forever. One night, a man named Gashubi sneaked into Mwungeri’s home and committed adultery with his wife.
When Gashubi stepped outside, he witnessed the mystical bull performing its task. Terrified, he screamed, and in that moment, everyone in the compound—including the cows—vanished into the earth. A pond appeared where they had stood, which remains to this day.
The story of Mwungeri gave rise to the saying “Yakanze Rutenderi,” used to caution people about causing unintended harm.
{{Sebwugugu: The Fool Who Missed Opportunities}}
Sebwugugu is a figure in Rwandan folklore who is remembered for his foolishness and impulsiveness. Constantly at odds with his wife, Sebwugugu’s reckless behavior often resulted in missed opportunities for his household, especially during times of famine.
One well-known tale recounts how Sebwugugu, after miraculously receiving peas from a rock during a biting famine, became arrogant and greedy. Instead of appreciating the slow but steady flow of peas, he struck the rock with a hot spear, hoping to force more peas to come out. His impatience, however, led to the flow stopping altogether.
Sebwugugu’s wife, on the other hand, was a brave woman. In one story, she even killed a wild beast that had devoured her husband. Recognizing her courage, the king decided to marry her.
Sebwugugu’s story is a cautionary tale about the dangers of impatience and greed, reminding Rwandans of the importance of humility and foresight.
{{Ngarama: The Slayer of Saruhara}}
Ngarama is a cunning figure in Rwandan folklore who became famous for killing Saruhara, a formidable bird that terrorized the kingdom. Saruhara was not a man, as some might mistakenly believe, but an eagle known for attacking those who brought offerings to the royal court.
Ngarama, a servant of the king, devised a clever plan to defeat the bird. He covered himself with a blood-stained skin and lay in wait. When Saruhara attacked, Ngarama struck it down with a metal-tipped club, killing it.
The rock where Saruhara was slain is known as “Urutare rwa Ngarama” (Ngarama’s Rock) and still bears this name. Ngarama was greatly rewarded for his bravery, becoming wealthy and prosperous. His story is a testament to the power of wit and bravery in overcoming seemingly insurmountable challenges.
{{Nyiransibura: The Legend Who Birthed Lake Kivu}}
Nyiransibura is a mythical figure believed to have created Lake Kivu during the reign of King Ndahiro III Cyamatare, according to Rwanda’s oral traditions. She was the daughter of Muriro, a figure from Bunyabungo (present-day Democratic Republic of Congo), and was abducted by King Ndahiro. Upon her arrival at the king’s palace, Nyiransibura was assigned cleaning duties.
One day, while the king was in a meeting, a strange noise was heard. His advisors attributed it to witchcraft from Nyiransibura’s people, who they believed were trying to rescue her. Fearing retaliation, they chose to return her to her homeland rather than kill her.
During the journey, the envoys reached Kinyaga (modern-day Rusizi), where a rainmaker welcomed and married her. The couple settled happily in the plains. When Nyiransibura gave birth, the rupture of her placenta caused a flood that filled the plain, creating what is now Lake Kivu. Her home became an island, now known as Ijwi.
Nyiransibura’s son, Nsibura, stayed with her, tending to his father’s cattle. However, he harbored a desire to avenge his mother’s abduction by King Ndahiro.
Nyiransibura’s legend has been passed down through generations, remaining an integral part of Rwanda’s folklore.
{{Nyirarunyonga: The Miserly Woman}}
Nyirarunyonga was known for her stinginess and cruelty, despite her wealth. Her miserly nature was well-known among her sons and daughters-in-law. In one infamous incident, she gave her daughter-in-law, Murorunkwere, a single bean to cook and serve to the laborers.
When the pot was opened, the water splashed out, and Nyirarunyonga accused Murorunkwere of theft, sending her back to her family in disgrace. She was eventually replaced by her younger sister, who famously responded to Nyirarunyonga’s cruelty with a calm, unimpressed demeanor.
Nyirarunyonga’s story also includes a darker moment when she was caught having an inappropriate relationship with her grandson.
When confronted by father who caught them red handed, the boy told his father, “If you beat me this much for helping the old woman with her problem just once, how many times should I beat you for everything you do to my mother?”
This shocking revelation further tarnished her legacy, cementing her place in Rwandan folklore as a symbol of greed and moral failure.
{{Joriji Baneti: The Obedient but Odd Child}}
Joriji Baneti was an extraordinary child whose impulsive behavior perplexed and astonished many. Known for his obedience despite his odd ways, Joriji’s story is filled with humorous yet strange incidents.
He was infamous for breaking utensils, tearing his clothes, getting bitten by pigs, yanking doors off their hinges, and more. He was however obedient. One notable incident was when his mother sent him to borrow a pot to cook meat from Veronika in Gacyamo. Instead of carrying it on his head, Joriji tied a rope to the pot and dragged it along the ground, scraping it the entire way.
Another story recounts how, when his mother went to buy salt, Joriji saw her leave and immediately started causing trouble. When a hen became startled and cried out while sitting on its eggs, Joriji chased and killed it, fearing it would report him for spilling flour. Afterward, he sat on the eggs himself, pretending to be the hen!
Despite all his mischief, Joriji Baneti ended up saving his mother’s life. While hiding with her from thieves in a tree, he released a door that crushed the thieves, making them flee and abandon the money they were counting.
Joriji and his mother then came down to collect it. However, no one knows where Joriji lived, nor when he existed, making him a mysterious figure in Rwandan folklore.
These figures are widely known across Rwanda, even though their stories have been wrapped in mystery and legend for centuries.
On the morning of October 1, 1990, Major General Fred Gisa Rwigema led RPA soldiers across the Ugandan-Rwandan border, marking the beginning of a decisive military campaign.
Upon crossing, the RPA forces encountered and swiftly defeated a small group of government soldiers under President Juvénal Habyarimana, securing their entry into Rwanda.
By mid-afternoon, most of the RPA soldiers, numbering between 400 and 600, had reached Kagitumba.
Major General Rwigema stood between two trees—still standing today—and issued orders to his troops.
He divided them into battalions: Major Chris Bunyenyezi led the First Battalion, Colonel Ndugute Stephen commanded the Fourth, Lt Col Adam Waswa led the Sixth, and Sam Kaka headed the Ninth Battalion.
Before advancing, Rwigema reminded his soldiers of their mission to liberate Rwanda.
In a symbolic gesture, he removed his Ugandan military ranks and threw them into the Umuvumba River.
His fellow soldiers followed suit, emphasizing their commitment to the cause. Despite offering an opportunity for any soldiers who felt uncommitted to return to Uganda, none chose to leave.
On October 2, 1990, the First and Fourth Battalions were ordered to advance towards Kigali, while the Sixth and Ninth Battalions moved toward Nyagatare.
Maj Gen Rwigema, along with a few troops, went to oversee their deployments.
Unfortunately, while en route to Nyabwishongwezi Hill, a government army vehicle on patrol to inspect areas attacked on the previous day fired shots, one of which fatally struck Maj Gen Rwigema.
The news of his death did not reach many RPA soldiers until later, but despite this loss, they continued to press forward.
By October 3, RPA forces had taken control of Nyagatare, and two days later, they captured Gabiro.
The Rwandan government, claiming Uganda had invaded, sought international assistance, with Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire sending reinforcements to aid the Rwandan army.
As the battle raged on, the RPA forces began to learn of Rwigema’s death, causing morale to drop. The harsh conditions of the battleground also contributed to their difficulties, leading to setbacks in their initial progress.
{{Local residents’ experiences}}
Kagitumba and the surrounding areas were sparsely populated in 1990, as much of the region was part of Akagera National Park.
While some local residents quickly became aware of the fighting, others took longer to realize the significance of the events unfolding around them.
Donatha Mukarubayiza, a resident of Kagitumba at the time, was a farmer and served as a member of the cell’s committee.
She recalled the moment she first learned about the attack. “It was around 6 PM when we heard government’s radio broadcasts that the country had been attacked by Inyenzi [cockroaches- a degrading name used by the then regime to dehumanize attackers]. The name Inkotanyi hadn’t been mentioned yet. We were told not to leave our homes or gather in groups. That was the first time we had heard gunfire, and we were very scared,” she recounted.
Mukarubayiza first encountered RPA soldiers on October 4, 1990, when they arrived in distinct uniforms.
“We saw soldiers dressed differently, and people told us, ‘Look, those are the Inkotanyi.’ […] They reassured us, saying, ‘Stay calm, continue farming; we are Rwandans like you,’” she said.
Mukarubayiza also noted how respectful the RPA soldiers were towards the local population.
“They would take essential goods from shops, like soap and food, but they always paid.”
Pheneas Muzatsinda, another resident, was traveling to Kigali when the war broke out and could not return home.
He recalled, “When the war started, I was on a trip to Kigali, and I couldn’t return. The road to Nyagatare was closed, and vehicles were not allowed to pass. I had no other way to return, so I remained there.”
“I learned about the Inkotanyi invasion that same day, on October 1, because after 10 a.m., no more vehicles were going towards Nyagatare, and the road was closed. Around 1 or 2 p.m., we saw two people arriving on a motorcycle, saying that Ugandan soldiers had crossed the border at Kagitumba and attacked Rwanda,” he continued.
Muzatsinda recalled seeing RPA soldiers for the first time on October 18, 1990, when they had captured Kabarore and reassured civilians that it was safe to return to their homes.
He spent around one week and half with the RPA forces in Kabarore until they came under attack by government forces.
As the fighting intensified on October 26, Inkotanyi asked Muzatsinda to remain indoors as the then government’s soldiers had arrived in the area.
Muzatsinda along with his colleagues in the same house was captured by the government soldiers and imprisoned as a suspected RPA accomplice.
Three of them died in Byumba where the government’s forces had taken them but Muzatsinda escaped.
{{The aftermath of Rwigema’s death}}
The death of Maj Gen Rwigema initially caused a drop in morale among the RPA forces.
Samuel Rwabuhungu, another resident of Kagitumba at the time, recalled being a schoolboy in Primary Six when the RPA invaded.
His parents came to collect him from school as the country had been attacked.
“Like many children, we initially saw the situation as exciting, unaware of the gravity of the war,” he said.
Rwabuhungu recalled that the RPA soldiers were not violent and lived with residents in harmony.
Donatha Mukarubayiza said she doesn’t remember the exact day she learned about the death of Maj Gen Fred Gisa Rwigema.
However, she recalled, “We eventually heard that the person leading Inkotanyi was shot on the Nyabwishongwezi Hill. The soldiers repelled Inkotanyi and came to tell us, ‘We are fighting the battle, and we are winning.’ About a week later, we heard that Bayingana and Bunyenyezi had also fallen in Nyakayaga.”
She continued, “Later, the local leaders appeared carrying banana stems, saying they were going to reward Rwigema. Then they told us, ‘We defeated the Inkotanyi, and they retreated.’”
As for Pheneas Muzatsinda, he learned about Rwigema’s death when “they started singing about it because, where we were imprisoned, we had no other news throughout the entire month of November.”
After the death of Rwigema and other senior RPA officers, the battle lost momentum, and some began to feel that defeat was imminent.
However, the struggle was revived when Paul Kagame, who was studying in the United States, returned to take command.
He regrouped the forces who moved from Nyagatare to the Volcano National Park. The war eventually came to an end in July 1994, when the RPA forces stopped the Genocide against the Tutsi and secured victory.
Among the passengers were 35 African journalists, visiting for the first time to explore its vibrancy after successfully covering the 2024 Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) summit in Beijing from September 4th to 6th. Stepping off the plane, the domestic flight clearance was swift, and within moments we were on shuttle buses headed to our accommodations.
A defining feature upon arrival in China is the sheer scale of infrastructure development, and Chongqing is no exception. The city’s breathtaking blend of modern development, clean green streets, and impressive architecture against a backdrop of natural beauty makes you feel as if you’ve found the ‘promised land.’
Chongqing is renowned for its spicy food, one of the top descriptors for the area, but its charm goes far beyond cuisine. With a history spanning thousands of years, it is one of China’s four municipalities directly under the central government control, alongside Beijing and Shanghai. Situated at the confluence of the Yangtze and Jialing rivers, the city is surrounded by mountains, leading to the construction of extensive tunnels to ease transportation.
In the city center, the domed Great Hall of the People stands majestically over People’s Square, while nearby, the Three Gorges Museum showcases ancient artifacts and the history of the Three Gorges Dam construction. Chongqing spans a vast area, with jurisdiction over 38 districts and counties, covering 82,400 square kilometers and housing over 32 million residents, 93.23% of whom are Han Chinese, alongside ethnic groups such as the Tujia and Miao.
Known as the “Mountain City” and the “River City,” Chongqing boasts a humid subtropical monsoon climate, with early springs, hot summers, rainy autumns, and mild winters. The Yangtze River, stretching 691 kilometers, winds its way through the city, joined by the Jialing and Wujiang rivers. Chongqing’s landscape is predominantly mountainous, with mountains covering 76% of the terrain.
Chongqing is not just a historical and cultural city; it holds strategic importance for China’s development. It was the first inland city to open to foreign trade in 1981 and was officially established as a city in 1929. The Chengdu-Chongqing Twin-Hub Mega-Region and the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor are critical to the city’s role in the Belt and Road Initiative, connecting over 480 ports in 120 countries worldwide.
The city’s rapid industrial development has transformed it into a manufacturing powerhouse. It is among the top automotive production hubs in China and is the world’s largest producer of laptops. Chongqing is striving to build a modern manufacturing system centered around intelligent vehicles, next-gen electronics, and advanced materials. It also leads in innovation hubs in smart technology, life sciences, and green technologies.
Chongqing’s transportation infrastructure is equally impressive, featuring a multimodal network of rail, road, water, and air transport. With over 1,000 kilometers of high-speed rail, 4,000 kilometers of expressways, and an extensive river shipping system, it serves as a comprehensive transportation hub. In 2023, Chongqing’s GDP reached RMB 3.01 trillion (over US$424 bilion), reflecting a 6.1% growth.
Beyond its economic achievements, Chongqing is home to numerous cultural and natural treasures. The Mountain City Alley Traditional Style Area, a historical site in the city center, features preserved traditional buildings like the Catholic Charity Hall and the Changle Yongkang Stone Ancestral Gate.
Another notable landmark is the Liziba Station, China’s first through-building metro station that showcases Chongqing’s architectural ingenuity. Liziba Station is located in Yuzhong District. It is designed to improve the efficiency and convenience of urban transportation but has become a sight to behold.
Applying multiple technologies, the monorail enables trains to run through buildings without causing the structures to shake.
It cleverly achieves its functionality based on the complex terrain, which embodies the wisdom of the Chongqing people and ultimately stands among testaments to Chinese people’s prowess and great zeal to always foster innovations.
For a panoramic view of the city, the Jiefangbei Pedestrian Street and the World Financial Center (WFC) Huixianlou Observation Deck offer breathtaking vistas of Chongqing’s urban landscape, including the confluence of the Yangtze and Jialing rivers.
The WFC Observation Deck, unveiled in 2017, offers a stunning view of Chongqing’s iconic landmarks, including the intersection of two rivers, the Grand Theatre (a performing arts venue in central Chongqing), and Nanbin Road’s nightscape.
Located on the 73rd to 75th floors, it is China’s highest open-air observation deck. Nearby, the historic Jiefangbei Pedestrian Street, built in 1947 and transformed into Western China’s first commercial pedestrian street in 1997, remains a vibrant hub with a commercial area of 160,000 m², earning recognition as one of China’s top business centers.
One of Chongqing’s most iconic cultural sites is the Dazu Rock Carvings, a UNESCO World Heritage site with over 50,000 statues carved into rock formations, reflecting over a millennium of Chinese artistry and religious devotion. These carvings stand alongside other famous rock art in China, such as the Mogao Caves and the Yungang Grottoes.
No visit to Chongqing would be complete without experiencing its famous hot pot cuisine, a spicy culinary tradition that involves dipping fresh ingredients into a boiling broth.
Accompanied by local fruits and juices, the hot pot experience is a sensory delight. The city’s markets offer an abundance of local produce, including pumpkins, taro, maize, sea food and fresh vegetables among others.
As night falls, Chongqing’s streets come alive. Along the Jialing River, locals and tourists alike gather to enjoy the glittering lights of the city, the illuminated bridges, and the relaxing atmosphere that invites you to extend your stay.
Chongqing’s beauty, history, and vibrancy offer a truly unique experience for anyone fortunate enough to visit. This city, with its rich blend of culture, industry, and nature, is a testament to China’s development and a gateway to understanding its past, present, and future.
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Amb. Nduhungirehe made these remarks during the celebration of the 75th Anniversary of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China, held at Kigali Convention Centre on September 12, 2024. The event, organized by the Chinese Embassy in Rwanda, drew diplomats, government officials, members of the Chinese community in Rwanda, and friends of China.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1971, Rwanda and China have forged a strong relationship grounded in mutual respect and a shared vision for development. In recent years, this bond has grown through increased partnerships and political understanding.
Rwanda firmly upholds the One-China principle, while China has consistently supported Rwanda’s national unity and efforts to combat Genocide denial and hate speech.
China’s investments in Rwanda, which exceed $1.2 billion since 2019, span critical sectors like manufacturing, construction, real estate, and mining.
Notably, the upgrade of Masaka District Hospital to an 837-bed facility, which will form part of the Kigali University Teaching Hospital (CHUK), is one of many infrastructure projects demonstrating China’s significant contributions. The two nations also saw a bilateral trade volume of $550 million in 2023, with China’s imports from Rwanda increasing by 86.2% from last year.
Rwanda’s cooperation with China is further strengthened through platforms like the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and the Joint Economic, Technical, and Trade Committee (JETTCO).
China is also engaged in key sectors such as agriculture, education, ICT, and infrastructure, significantly contributing to Rwanda’s social and economic transformation. A prime example is the Juncao mushroom cultivation program, which has benefitted 35,000 Rwandan farmers.
In light of this, Amb. Nduhungirehe expressed Rwanda’s deep appreciation for China’s contributions, stating, “Rwanda views China as an important and reliable partner that has significantly contributed to our socio-economic development. This collaboration has been particularly impactful in priority sectors such as infrastructure, health, energy, and education, aligning with our shared vision of mutual growth and prosperity.”
Meanwhile, Chinese Ambassador to Rwanda, Wang Xuekun welcomed growing relations between both countries underscoring that this year holds great significance.
He was referring to recent engagements where President Paul Kagame attended the 2024 Beijing Summit of Forum on China Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), and co-chaired the high-level meeting on state governance.
Kagame met with his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping and elevated bilateral relations to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, an important milestone in bilateral relations.
Besides, more close friendship ties have been cemented. Notably, this year, the City of Jinhua of Zhejiang Province, and the District of Musanze, became sister cities, the first ever pair of sister cities between the two countries.
“China-Rwanda relations are now at the best in history. Let’s work together to implement the important consensus reached by leaders of the two countries,” he stated.
Amb. Xuekun emphasized the need to work together to advance cooperation in various fields, and inject new momentum into the comprehensive strategic partnership to create more benefits for the two peoples.
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Reflecting on China’s achievements over the past 75 years, Amb. Xuekun highlighted how the country has transformed from a society facing shortages of food and clothing into a global economic powerhouse under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC).
In 2023, China’s GDP reached $17.9 trillion, a 223-fold increase from 1952, with an average annual growth rate of 7.9% over the past 70 years. The per capita GDP rose from $194 in 1980 to $12,700 in 2023, almost matching the global average.
Over the past 75 years, China also made significant strides in improving the quality of life for its citizens. About 100 million of the Chinese population was lifted out of poverty in the past decade. Absolute poverty has been eradicated in China.
The average life expectancy increased from 35 years in 1949 to 78.6 years in 2023. With the world’s largest social security system in place, the Chinese people are enjoying a great sense of gain, happiness, and security.
According to Amb. Xuekun, China has spared no efforts in promoting ecological civilization.
In 2023, China ranked first in the global scale of renewable energy, with more than half of the world’s newly installed capacity.
For 9 consecutive years, China has produced and sold the most new-energy vehicles in the world, accounting for 60% of the world’s total in 2023.
China is now among the world’s top countries in terms of trade, manufacturing, commodity consumption and others. It has contributed more than 30% to world annual economic growth in the past decade, remaining as a robust engine of the world economy.
Among others, China has consistently pursued an independent foreign policy of peace, and adhered to the path of peaceful development. The country also established diplomatic relations with 183 countries in the world.
“Looking back on the history in the past 75 years, we are deeply proud of what we have achieved. And we are determined to achieve more,” noted Amb. Xuekun, underscoring the country’s commitment to world peace and development, and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
He noted that, contrary to the critics, the event drew participants from all walks of life, including individuals from the corporate sector, whom he said are often too busy to meet their “missing rib” through conventional dating.
Unlike conventional dating, which emphasizes longer, one-on-one interactions that allow people to build a deeper connection before deciding to pursue a relationship, speed dating involves meeting a large number of people in a short period to assess compatibility.
“There were so many young diplomats from international embassies in Rwanda, the corporate sector, and young entrepreneurs who don’t have time to go to bars and look for someone, or to ask their families to connect them to others. They want to meet in a more corporate environment, and that was the right place for them,” Bunyeshuri said.
He added, “People who are saying otherwise were not there and probably hate the feeling that people are falling in love.”
Bunyeshuri acknowledged that criticism and the fear of being judged are some of the challenges facing emerging trends in modern dating, especially in conservative societies.
“Speed dating in Rwanda, a very conservative country, obviously faces negative talk and criticism from people. This is expected,” he added.
“With the era of social media, anyone can say anything for likes and views. Young people should stay focused,” he emphasized.
Bunyeshuri is planning another event, which he says will take place between September and October this year.
He mentioned that he has received many requests to bring back the second edition of speed dating but cautioned those seeking to participate that finding a perfect match is not guaranteed.
“I don’t want them to think that when you come, it’s a done deal that you’re going to find someone. It doesn’t work like that—you have to make a connection,” he added.
Twenty-one Ministers and nine State Ministers were last week appointed with new faces including Amb. Christine Nkulikiyinka (Public Service and Labor), Prudence Sebahizi (Trade and Industry), and Richard Nyirishema (Sports).
Several existing ministers were also reappointed to continue heading their respective ministries.
Additionally, Dr. Doris Uwicyeza Picard was appointed as the CEO of Rwanda Governance Board (RGB) succeeding Dr. Usta Kayitesi.
During Monday’s swearing-in ceremony, Kagame reminded both the newly appointed and returning leaders of the significant responsibility they bear in their roles.
He emphasized that the cabinet’s renewal is not merely a routine change but an opportunity for self-evaluation and a commitment to greater achievements.
“The way I see it, there are things we did well in the past, and things that did not go as well. It’s our duty to put everything together, analyze, and ask ourselves, ‘What can we do better moving forward?’ If you don’t see it this way, then there is a problem. What you did well before means you should do even better, and what was not done well needs to be corrected as we move on,” he advised.
Kagame also stressed the importance of appreciating public criticism and using it as a tool for correction to maintain the right direction when things are going well. However, he emphasized that self-evaluation should be a constant practice.
The Head of State urged the leaders to utilize available resources and their respective capacities efficiently to fulfil their responsibilities to the Rwandan people. He cautioned against prioritizing personal interests over the common good, stating, “This means that what you do for others should also be beneficial to you, but not something you do solely for your own benefit.”
President Kagame highlighted the significant progress Rwanda has made in recent years but warned against complacency, urging the leaders to strive for even greater accomplishments.
“We have achieved many things in the past, without a doubt. But when you do good things, it is not a time to relax. It is not a time to get carried away with joy to the point that what people have been working on could regress because you are no longer paying attention or following up. You should ask yourself, even though we have achieved a lot, couldn’t we have achieved even more?” he challenged.
He also encouraged the leaders to foster collaboration among institutions to ensure they complement each other in advancing the country’s development.
Addressing the absence of some officials from the recently formed cabinet, President Kagame clarified that it was not indicative of dismissal but rather a reassignment of duties.
He acknowledged that dismissals could occur due to accountability issues but assured those who did not retain their roles that future appointments would be announced in due course.
Addressing thousands of citizens and other dignitaries who gathered at Amahoro Stadium to witness the momentous occasion, the Head of State began by thanking Rwandans for granting him another term to continue his development agenda.
“The electoral campaign was a period of joy and satisfaction for all of us. Millions attended rallies, and almost everyone went to vote,” President Kagame commended Rwandans.
He noted that much has been achieved over the past 30 years, surpassing expectations.
“Over the past three decades, what Rwandans have managed to accomplish is even more than we expected. Indeed, it is beyond what words can describe, given where we started from,” Kagame said amid chants of jubilations with more than 20 Heads of State in attendance.
Recounting Rwanda’s rise from the ashes of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, President Kagame revealed that the new term presented another opportunity to achieve even more.
“Our tragic past ignited a fire in each one of us: a fire of hope, resilience, and justice. This is who we have become as Rwandans,” he noted.
“Our focus now returns to the future. For the last thirty years, our country has been good work-in-progress. This new mandate means the beginning of even more hard work.”
He affirmed that with exemplary leadership and collaborations, no goal is beyond reach and all aspirations are achievable.
“Why not do even better than we have done? That expectation to keep improving is not a dream, it is realistic. We can do it, and we will do it,” President Kagame added.
Kagame, who led the Rwandan Patriotic Army to liberate Rwanda from the Genocidal regime of Juvénal Habyarimana in 1994, was re-elected with 99.18% of the votes cast in the July elections.
He ran against two competitors: Dr. Frank Habineza of the Democratic Green Party of Rwanda, who got 0.50% of the vote, and independent candidate Philippe Mpayimana, who managed only 0.32%.
In the coming days, the newly elected Parliament is expected to take oath and begin its term before which the President will later present his appointed cabinet for approval.
