These remarks were part of a message President Museveni delivered to attendees at a ceremony and prayers in memory of Uganda’s martyrs. This annual event is held in Namugongo, where the martyrs were burned alive.
Museveni emphasized that Christianity upholds good values that strengthen the family both in Uganda and worldwide.
He urged the youth of Uganda and Africa in general to invest their time in activities that build their lives, rather than wasting it on European pursuits.
He said, “You young people, you spend a lot of your time watching European football, and you are not concerned with what is happening in Africa. You cannot comprehend how African youth have been misled. You cannot understand them talking about African unity that Mwalimu Nyerere fought for and we continue to fight for.”
He continued to sternly warn those who seek to promote homosexual beliefs in Uganda.
He stated, “Today, Uganda is the land of martyrs because of their faith. Those outsiders talking about homosexuality do not know that Uganda is a land where people chose to die for their beliefs. If you want to play, you can do so, but you will not enjoy the consequences.”
Museveni’s statement comes after some foreign countries began imposing sanctions on his country due to the law Uganda passed that penalizes homosexuality.
This law stipulates that it is prohibited to promote or support homosexual groups and their activities, and that acts of homosexuality should be punishable by life imprisonment.
ANC Secretary General Fikile Mbalula announced on Sunday that the party will be holding talks with other rival political outfits in the coming days after losing its parliamentary majority in the May 29 election. With more than 99 per cent of the votes counted, the party garnered 40 per cent of the vote, ending its 30-year dominance since the end of apartheid in 1994.
“The ANC is committed to the formation of a government that reflects the will of the people, that is stable and that is able to govern effectively. The ANC is committed to pursue a path of fundamental social and economic change for which it has received a firm mandate.
“Over the next few days, the ANC will be having discussions within the organisation and with other parties and stakeholders on how best to establish national and provincial governments that reflect the will of the people, and that are able to take the country forward,” Mbalula stated.
In South Africa, unlike many countries in the African continent, the president is elected by Parliament after national elections.
Among the parties ANC is expected to engage are John Steenhuisen’s Democratic Alliance, which received 21 per cent of the vote, and the new uMkhonto weSizwe Party (MK) of former President Jacob Zuma, who has turned against the ANC he once led. The MKP ranked third with just over 14 per cent of the vote in the first election it has contested. Julius Malema’s Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) finished fourth with just over 9 per cent.
Mbalula said the ANC would not consider any demands from potential coalition partners that Ramaphosa step down as a condition for negotiations.
“If you come to us with the demand that Ramaphosa must step down as the President, that is not going to happen,” the SG said, adding, “We don’t have such a mandate. We are not going to engage with political parties on the basis that we don’t want to talk to so-and-so. That is a no-go area for anyone. If you come to us with such a demand, forget it.”
Mbalula further noted that the ANC has many reservations about MKP, saying, “But we will talk to them.”
“If you come to us with the demand that Ramaphosa must step down as the President, that is not going to happen.” – ANC SG, Cde Fikile Mbalula on non-negotiables during coalition talks#ANCThanksSApic.twitter.com/NHiGbcVgSD
During the presser, the ANC accepted its shortcomings, telling South Africans the results sent a strong message to the once-dominant party.
“We wish to assure the people of South Africa that we have ward them. We have heard their concerns, their frustrations and their dissatisfaction,” the party said amid concerns over joblessness, inequality and power shortages in the country.
The 2024 election results mark a significant drop from the 57.5 per cent the legacy party of Nelson Mandela garnered in the 2019 parliamentary election.
This initiative is orchestrated by “Forbidden Stories,” a platform and website run by the Freedom Voices Network, a journalists’ association created in November 2017 by Laurent Richard and supported by Reporters Without Borders.
Often accused of being a tool used by certain entities in Western countries to destabilize various countries or individuals, Forbidden Stories might suggest exclusive revelations about Rwanda. However, the content is merely a repetition of accusations and rumours perpetuated by those harbouring malicious intentions towards the country during crucial periods.
{{A rehashed pamphlet of accusations
}}
For over twenty years, Rwanda has faced unfounded accusations from some actors in the West, often for obscure reasons. These articles attempt to portray Rwanda in a way that anyone who actually lives and interacts with this country would find misleading. Rwanda has been unjustly blamed for the disorder in the DRC, criticized for its investments in tourism and its partnerships with European sports teams, accused of “sports-washing,” “gender-washing,” and using peacekeeping as a pressure lever, among other things.
Interestingly, the people making these accusations have not changed much over the past two decades. It is still the same group of individuals.
{{Key players in this campaign:
}}
{{Michaela Wrong
}}
Michaela Wrong, a British journalist who has worked for various international media outlets, is famous for her writings denigrating Rwanda since 2013, the year of Patrick Karegeya’s assassination in South Africa. Wrong has since dedicated her career to tarnishing Rwanda’s image.
{{Théogène Rudasingwa
}}
A former Rwandan ambassador to the United States, Théogène Rudasingwa often appears in reports criticizing Rwanda. Having fled the country in 2004 after accusations of misconduct, including corruption, he is among the founders of the terrorist group Rwanda National Congress (RNC) and continues to disparage Rwanda. In Rwanda, he was convicted for threats against state security and faces a 24-year prison sentence.
{{Judi Rever
}}
Canadian journalist Judi Rever is a regular in campaigns defaming Rwanda. In her book “In Praise of Blood,” she accuses the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) of participating in the Genocide against the Tutsi, whereas the international community recognizes that the RPF ended this genocide.
{{Byansi Samuel Baker
}}
A young journalist, Byansi Samuel Baker had a promising start before veering into conspiracy theories permanently targeting the Rwandan government, falsely accusing it of numerous unfounded wrongs before leaving Rwanda. Since his departure, he has aligned himself with the government’s opponents.
{{Lewis Mudge
}}
Africa director for Human Rights Watch, Lewis Mudge is known for his harsh and often unfounded criticisms against Rwanda. He has frequently downplayed the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi and claims Rwanda is a repressive state, making it unsurprising to see him associated with this campaign.
{{A coordinated plan to denigrate Rwanda
}}
What we observe in the articles and videos of Forbidden Stories is the coordination of four main groups:
{{Former members of genocidal governments:
}} Figures like Agathe Kanziga Habyarimana, widow of former President Juvénal Habyarimana and an influential member of the Akazu, a close circle of the Rwandan political elite accused of orchestrating the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. She is also suspected of playing a role in her husband’s death. Charles Ndereyehe, former director of ISAR (Rwanda Agricultural Sciences Institute) and accused of active participation in the genocide, are part of those who have long been critical voices against Rwanda.
– {{Disgruntled former members of the RPF: }} Individuals like Théogène Rudasingwa, who fled the country after accusations of corruption and other crimes.
– {{Descendants of genocidaires:}} Mainly based in Belgium, individuals like Natacha Abingeneye and Placide Kayumba continue to spread the genocide ideology. Natacha Abingeneye is affiliated with Jambo ASBL, an organization known for its genocide denial propaganda. Placide Kayumba, also an active member of Jambo ASBL, uses this platform to perpetuate genocidal ideologies. These individuals continue to propagate revisionist narratives and minimize the severity of the crimes committed during the genocide.
– {{Hostile NGOs: }} Organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, often critical of Rwanda.
{{A litany of accusations
}}
These repeated attacks against Rwanda have never achieved their goal. This is not the first time Rwanda has faced such attacks during pivotal periods for its future.
{{Attacks during the 2010 elections
}}
In 2010, the year the country held its second presidential elections since its liberation, grenades were thrown in Kigali in February and on August 11, just two days after the elections, injuring seven people. These attacks aimed to sow chaos.
{{The Mapping Report
}}
Before the 2010 elections, international media circulated negative information based on the UN report titled “Mapping Report,” accusing Rwanda of probable acts of genocide in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This report, full of inaccuracies, was largely discredited and shelved.
{{The 2015 referendum
}}
During the 2015 referendum, attempts to destabilize involved local personalities and artists like Kizito Mihigo, who conspired with armed groups. In 2014, Kizito Mihigo admitted they planned to kill leaders, including the president.
{{The documentary “Rwanda: Untold Story”
}}
In 2014, the documentary “Rwanda: Untold Story” claimed that the RPF was responsible for the genocide against the Tutsi, assertions that led to the banning of the BBC Kinyarwanda branch from broadcasting in Rwanda. This documentary aimed to minimize the genocide and discredit the Rwandan authorities.
{{The arrest of Lt Gen Karenzi Karake
}}
In June 2015, General Emmanuel Karenzi Karake was arrested in London on unfounded accusations from a biased investigation. He was released after strong mobilization by Rwandans, showing that these destabilization attempts never succeed.
These attacks have never achieved their goal of disrupting Rwanda. The country has continued to progress, with poverty reduced from nearly 80% in 1994 to 38% today. Life expectancy has increased from 51 years to over 69 years. Kigali has become a prime destination for international conferences, and the Rwandan economy has experienced sustained growth of over 7% per year.
It is evident that these attacks have no effect on Rwanda’s determination to move forward.
According to NEC, elections are scheduled for July 15, 2024, for Rwandans in the country and July 14, 2024, for Rwandans living abroad.
On that day, 53 deputies will be elected from political parties and independent candidates, followed by elections for special categories, including women, youth, and people with disabilities, the next day.
Many often confuse elections for special categories with general elections in which all citizens participate, although they are different.
For special category elections, deputies are not elected by all citizens as will be the case on July 15. Instead, they are elected by representatives of those categories.
The law stipulates that, for the women’s category, the electoral body includes members of the executive committees of the National Women’s Council from the village level to the national level, members of the sector councils in the electoral area, and members of the district councils in the province.
Among the 24 elected deputies, the Eastern Province elects six women, the Western Province six, the Southern Province six, the Northern Province four, and the City of Kigali two women. Currently, NEC has received over 135 women applying to enter Rwanda’s Parliament.
For representatives of people with disabilities, one person is elected by the executive committee of the National Council of People with Disabilities from the district level to the national level, and coordinators of the council at each sector level.
Since May 17, 2024, when NEC started receiving applications for the position of one deputy representing people with disabilities, 11 candidates have applied for this position.
Another special category in these elections is the two deputies who represent the youth in Rwanda’s Parliament.
So far, 19 candidates have applied for this category, including well-known names such as Mucyo Samson, known as Samu Zuby in cinema, and Fiston Niyitanga, who works in tourism, among others.
Here, the electoral body includes members of the executive committees of the National Youth Council at the district and national levels.
On the other hand, among the deputies elected by the general public, there are already 13 independent candidates, including one woman and several young people.
There are also candidates presented by various political parties, with the PDI party presenting 55 candidates, PL presenting 54 deputies, PS Imberakuri presenting 80, PSD presenting 66 candidates, the Green Party presenting 65, and others presented by the FPR Inkotanyi organization.
For the Presidential position, three candidates have applied, including Paul Kagame representing RPF Inkotanyi, Dr. Frank Habineza presented by the Green Party, and Manirareba Herman as an independent candidate.
The process of receiving candidacies is expected to end on May 30, 2024, followed by the verification of whether the candidates meet the requirements before announcing the final list of approved candidates.
Speaking during a recent interview with Al Jazeera Net, Makolo said there are more than 200 illegal militia groups in the country that continue to pose a security threat to Rwanda, especially in the eastern part of DRC.
Makolo explained that the militia includes FDLR group which comprises remnants of the Interehamwe group that fled to Congo after committing the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda.
She said the group, comprising former military officials in Rwanda, fled to the DRC with army weapons and attempted several times to destabilize the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) administration that overthrew the genocidal regime.
“Let’s go back to 1994. There were militias that committed genocide against the Tutsis here in Rwanda and then fled to the Congo with their weapons, and the French forces allowed them to cross with these weapons… All the weapons they were using here were taken with them, and they were allowed to keep them in refugee camps in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” she said.
Makolo lamented that the militia group had for many years used Rwandan civilians as human shields in refugee camps under the watch of the international community.
“For years after the genocide against the Tutsis, these Rwandan civilians were hostages of the former army and the militias, now known as the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda.
“In the late 1990s, these groups resumed their attacks on Rwanda, and there is evidence of France’s involvement in supporting them with weapons. However, the Rwandan army managed to push them back and thwart their attacks,” she stated.
According to the official, Rwanda has done everything possible to show the international community that the situation in the eastern DRC was serious, however little has been done to get to the bottom of the problem.
“We started efforts to convince the international community of the need to support Rwanda in repatriating the refugee civilians to their homeland, instead of leaving them trapped as hostages in camps controlled by armed groups. We had to carry out an operation in the late 1990s and succeeded in bringing back more than two million civilians to Rwanda, some of whom are now deputies and ministers,” Makolo stated.
“These militias not only pose a significant security threat to us at our borders but also represent an ideological threat advocating the extermination of the Tutsi ethnicity. This ideology is a continuation of the genocide that occurred here in 1994.”
She insisted that the international community had not learnt any lessons from the 1994 atrocities committed by the groups in Rwanda and revealed efforts by the government to build a strong professional army to protect its people.
“Unfortunately, they have not learned the lesson. We have come to realize that we are on our own and must do our utmost with the resources we have to ensure the security of our communities and nations.
“For this reason, we have worked to build a professional and strong army. We also cooperate with regional countries. The lesson we learned is that we must do everything we can and not rely on an international community that has not learned the lesson,” the spokesperson said.
Makolo emphasized that different methods have been used to solve the problems between Rwanda and DRC, but Congolese leaders lack the political will.
“There have been several attempts to succeed in political paths, including what was called the Luanda Roadmap, or the Luanda Protocol, or the Luanda Process, but they all lacked the political will to implement them from the republic’s side. There was a second path through what is called the Nairobi Process.
“The Nairobi Process involves disarming illegal armed groups in the eastern republic, demobilizing them, or integrating them into the army and society. However, this path has stalled. There are also attempts to support the state in reforming its security sector. All these initiatives are essentially political processes, but the Democratic Republic of the Congo is determined to take a military path, which is impossible.”
Speaking during a recent interview with IGIHE, Musa maintained that the conflict in Sudan was not about the two army generals, General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, head of the Sudanese Armed Forces, and Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, aka Hemeti, the leader of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
“I would like to correct the narrative that this is not a war between two generals. It is a war between the RSF against the sovereignty of the political independence and people of the country,” he stated.
The war in Sudan erupted in April 2023. It stemmed from a power struggle within the military. According to the United Nations (UN), over 12,000 people have died, and more than 33,000 have been injured as a result of the conflict.
Musa noted that the RSF militia enjoys huge support from machinery recruited from neighbouring countries with backing from a regional power and other foreign actors with interests in Sudan.
“They have recruited mercenaries from neighbouring countries. We have more than 40,000 of these troops coming from Niger, Chad, and the Arab nomads from these countries. Some are coming from South Sudan and Ethiopia. There are some Ethiopians fighting with them. We don’t know whether this is with the permission or knowledge of the government of Ethiopia, but I deny that it is known to the government. Most of these mercenaries were fighting in Libya before. They have moved them all to Darfur. Their ethnic background is Arab nomads. Recruiting mercenaries is one of the main chains of supply for the troops to fight,” he added.
Musa lamented that military supplies from the third parties had prolonged the crisis, perpetuating the suffering of the Sudanese people.
“There is a military supply coming from a regional power that is well-documented in the UN Security Council report. Just five days ago, Human Rights Watch published a detailed report on the atrocities committed by the RSF, including war crimes and crimes against humanity.
“There is political support from the regional power as well. So, it’s not about the RSF as an independent political and military power. No. They are an agent for a regional power, carrying out their objective to change the political landscape and leadership in Sudan for the benefit, support, and interest of another regional power,” Musa noted.
To end the conflict that has seen the United Arab Emirates (UAE) mentioned severally amid the raging crisis, the ambassador emphasized that the Sudanese government was ready to engage foreign powers with interests in the country’s rich natural resources through proper channels, urging them not to use the window while the doors were wide open.
“They can help stop this war by halting military support and promoting political support. They can create regional peace and stability, but due to political and strategic interests… Sudan is a very rich country in terms of natural resources and geopolitical location. There are many people and countries interested in engaging in Sudan, but there are proper channels for governments to cooperate for mutual interests. If we open the door for you to come, why would you want to go through the window? We would like them to knock on the door, not jump through the window,” the envoy averred.
He emphasized that RSF can’t win the war because they don’t have the “minds and hearts of the people of Sudan.”
“They do not have the hearts of the people of Sudan. Now they control four parts of Darfur and the parts they control are still empty, there is no leadership, there is no food, there are no clinics, there are no schools, there is nothing,” he added.
He acknowledged that the African Union (AU) has the capacity to address the conflict in Sudan, but claimed that they lack the political will.
“To be honest, they are lacking political will and not capacity to contribute to peace and stability in Sudan,” he stated.
Musa further maintained that the Sudanese government had not refused dialogue with the RSF, stating that the government is seeking discussions based on previous agreements. He urged the militia to abide by the demands of the citizens, to cease hostilities against civilians, and to disarm.
Celebrated as African Liberation Day, or Africa Day, the annual May 25th festivities signify the progress made by African nations in throwing off colonial rule and achieving self-determination.
In Rwanda, the celebrations are being spearheaded by the Pan African Movement Rwanda Chapter with the aim of taking stock of the continent’s gains, challenges, and future prospects.
Kenya’s High Commissioner to Rwanda, Janet Mwawasi Oben, is among the envoys in the country who have been actively involved in the organization’s events leading to the celebrations today, including a soccer tournament organized to celebrate Africa Liberation Day at Kicukiro on Sunday, May 19.
IGIHE caught up with her in her office at Kacyiru in the heart of Kigali City, where she reflected on Africa’s gains, the issues hindering economic progress six decades after most countries on the continent attained self-rule, and the measures needed to steer the continent toward prosperity.
{{As Africa celebrates Liberation Day on May 25th, what are some of the key achievements the continent can celebrate after more than six decades of independence?
}}
May 25 is a significant day for Africa because it marks the inception of the Organization of African Unity, now known as the African Union. It’s a big day for Africa. We have a lot to celebrate despite our challenges. Since its inception, we have seen Africa grow from strength to strength, moving past the period of colonialism, with 1963 being the year when most African countries gained independence.
When we look at the progress that Africa has made since then, we can highlight achievements like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfTA), which allows African countries to trade freely. Although this has not been fully realized, there has been considerable progress.
We have the Africa CDC [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention] through the African Union, which has significantly focused on public health, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, with member states collaborating to find public health solutions. We have seen women being included at economic and finance decision-making tables, a significant shift from the past.
There has been growth in infrastructure, with improvements in road systems and water access. In education, we have moved from a system purely based on religion to one that has seen substantial growth, although much remains to be done.
{{Despite achieving independence, Africa remains the world’s least developed region, even with abundant natural resources. What do you think has hindered development across the continent?
}}
Historically, Africa has been heavily colonized, and its natural resources have been exploited by colonial powers and the West, resulting in minimal benefits for the continent. Now that we are independent, we still possess natural resources, although they are depleted. One issue is that countries rich in natural resources often focus solely on these, which hinders progress in other areas such as infrastructure and the digital economy.
Poor governance, corruption, and unaccountable institutions have also impeded Africa’s full growth. We face infrastructure challenges, with underdeveloped roads, railways, air transport, and energy sectors, placing us at a disadvantage. Political instability, disputed elections, armed conflicts, and civil wars have also stalled progress. Our education system needs improvement, and poor quality healthcare remains a problem.
Climate change is a significant issue, affecting countries across the continent. Recently, Kenya experienced floods, while Southern Africa faced drought and hunger. This hinders Africa’s growth despite its natural resources.
{{What steps do you believe are necessary for Africa to achieve full economic and political independence?
}}
We need to develop indigenous solutions tailored for Africa to foster economic growth, such as building industries to process our natural resources. A workforce with critical skills is essential to compete globally. Modern agricultural techniques are necessary to enhance food security. We must unite to create economic policies that promote socio-economic growth and improve trade.
Peace and stability are crucial; some states remain in turmoil, and we need strategies to address these issues.
{{The theme for this year’s celebrations is on building resilient education systems. Which areas in education should we improve on as a continent to get to the standards of developed nations?
}}
We should focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Many schools are adopting this approach, moving away from a system based solely on religion to one that emphasizes technological advancement and innovation. By focusing on these areas, we can develop a workforce capable of not only growing Africa but also competing globally.
In a statement made in July 2023, the State Secretary in the Ministry of Education, Claudette Irere, detailed the educational exchange facilitated by the nuclear agreement signed with Russia in 2019.
“It has been many years since Rwanda and this country signed agreements, starting in 1970. Since then, we have been sending students, some of whom have returned and are in the country. When you do the math, you find we have more than 100 students,” she said.
She further noted, “In recent days, because we signed other agreements related to nuclear energy, we continue to send more students every year, now totaling over 40 since 2019.”
Meanwhile, Rwanda and Mali have strengthened their bilateral relations with an air transport agreement signed in February 2017, which permits RwandAir to utilize Bamako’s airport for passenger and cargo transport.
Colonel Assimi Goïta, who assumed power in Mali in 2021, has indicated his intention to maintain and enhance these bilateral ties.
Additionally, Rwanda and Ghana signed a cooperation agreement in June 2022 focusing on mutual support, the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and vaccines, and the regulation of these products’ quality.
Speaking during the Global Security Forum on Tuesday, May 21, 2024, President Kagame said the country has been healing for the last three decades, emphasizing that it’s not something he thought would happen so fast.
He attributed gains in the reconciliatory efforts to Rwanda’s young generation, constituting more than 70 per cent of the country’s population.
“The tragedy is behind us but it never gets that distant in the past… We have tried to build unity, and it is happening. It’s something that is benefiting from the young generation. Young people, who constitute 73 per cent of our population, are 35 and below,” he said, adding that, “We have to make sure that these divisions, to the extreme that led to the genocide, never happen again.”
President Kagame noted that Rwanda will continue to build on the unity by investing in its people.
“The foundation in this case for us is unity. We are building on that foundation by investing in people. “We invest in human capital, we provide the goods for education, and health, and food security and bring in technology, and therefore going to these other industries that will make our economy, our country, vibrant and grow and develop,” he added.
He pointed out that investments such as the construction of a modern airport in Bugesera District, in collaboration with Qatar Airways, the modernization of the mining sector, and the development of digital infrastructure add value to all aspects of the economy.
Weighing in on foreign investments and partnerships with foreign powers, President Kagame noted Rwanda had “learnt a lot of lessons” from the past.
Commenting on the rivalry between the United States and China, President Kagame insisted that Rwanda and Africa cannot be “crushed” in the issues and welcomed investments from America, China, and Europe in Rwanda and Africa.
“We can be friends with others—United States, Europe, China, you name it—and not be dragged into these conflicts that benefit those conflicting while impoverishing the African continent.”
In a discussion organized by the Global Security Forum on May 21, 2024, President Kagame stated that the international community recognizes Rwanda’s safety, having successfully maintained it for Rwandans.
He said, “The UK knows it, Europe knows it, America knows it, Rwanda is safe. Being safe does not depend on whether someone likes us or not. It is something we have determined for ourselves and provided for our country.”
The President continued, “What is lacking is the level of development our people have reached where we want, and it also concerns other people coming here; whether they are migrants or others, wherever they come from and whether they are treated as they wish or as we wish.”
President Kagame explained that since 2018, Rwanda has been temporarily hosting migrants, highlighting that the UK based its request for cooperation on how Rwanda has managed this issue.
“Since 2018, hundreds of thousands of people have been brought by planes from Libya. I think that’s what the UK saw, that there is a good way to solve this problem that has been a burden for them and for all of Europe. They asked us if we could expand this program to address the problem they have, and we agreed because we already had a good relationship and development cooperation,” he stated.
The President elaborated that Rwanda and the UK have discussed how to implement this program, with Rwanda expressing the challenge of capacity to care for them, which led to the addition of a provision to support Rwanda in its development.
He added, “The debates that have arisen in the UK, Europe, or elsewhere, whether Rwanda is safe, are baseless for us. We know who we are, we know what we have, we know we can provide security and governance to everyone, what we lack are the means to help these people progress. When people debate whether Rwanda is safe, it becomes politicized.”
The program between Rwanda and the UK is based on an agreement signed by both countries’ governments in April 2022, updated in December 2023. It is expected that, barring any changes, the first group of migrants will be sent to Kigali in July 2024.
