The talks aim to address escalating trade tensions between the two nations, focusing on China’s recent expansion of export controls on rare earth minerals and President Donald Trump’s threat to impose 100% tariffs on Chinese goods starting November 1.
The meetings are scheduled to coincide with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) summit, which Malaysia is hosting from October 24 to 27. This timing underscores the urgency of resolving the trade disputes to ensure the planned summit between Presidents Trump and Xi Jinping proceeds as scheduled.
The U.S. has expressed concerns that China’s export restrictions on rare earths, critical materials for high-tech industries, are retaliatory measures in response to the U.S. expanding its export blacklist. These tensions have disrupted a recent period of warming ties, including a successful agreement related to the TikTok app and a phone call between Presidents Trump and Xi on September 19.
As the two largest economies in the world, the U.S. and China are under pressure to de-escalate the trade tensions to prevent further economic fallout. The outcome of the upcoming talks could have significant implications for global trade dynamics and the broader geopolitical landscape.
Trump, long known for his staunch support of Israel, expressed frustration with the ongoing political manoeuvring surrounding the West Bank, signalling Washington’s disapproval of unilateral moves that could undermine regional stability.
This latest statement comes after Israel’s government passed a vote that could pave the way for the formal annexation of parts of the West Bank. The move has been met with widespread condemnation from Palestinians and much of the international community, while Israeli supporters of the annexation have hailed it as a historic step.
The US, under President Trump, has been a vocal supporter of Israeli sovereignty over the West Bank, but his recent comments mark a shift in tone. “Israel is not going to do anything with the West Bank that goes against US interests,” Trump said in a press briefing. The comment highlights the growing rift between Washington and Jerusalem as tensions mount over the future of the West Bank.
Trump’s remarks also underscore the pressure the US is placing on Israel to stay in line with American policies, particularly as the Trump administration has made significant moves to reshape US foreign policy in favour of Israel. The United States has long considered Israel a close ally, but Trump’s administration has been particularly vocal in supporting Israeli actions, including the controversial decision to move the US embassy to Jerusalem.
The annexation vote in Israel, which has been criticised by many, has prompted strong reactions from various global leaders. European leaders, the United Nations, and many Arab states have expressed deep concern about the potential implications for the peace process and the stability of the region.
While Trump’s comments seemed to downplay the situation, they reflect the growing frustration in Washington regarding Israel’s actions. The White House, which has been increasingly vocal in its support for Israel’s stance on the West Bank, has warned Israel that failing to align with US expectations could risk future support, including crucial financial and diplomatic backing.
In Israel, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has continued to push for the annexation, calling it an essential step in securing Israel’s future. However, the vote and Trump’s response have created significant diplomatic tension, as the future of the West Bank remains uncertain.
The situation remains fluid, and the US-Israel relationship will undoubtedly continue to evolve as both sides navigate the complex and contentious issue of the West Bank’s future. What remains clear is that the political pressure is intensifying, with both nations feeling the weight of international expectations and their domestic constituencies.
As tensions rise, the future of the West Bank and Israel’s relationship with the United States remains at a critical juncture. The world is watching closely to see how both nations will move forward in the face of growing political challenges.
Of these, 2,900 people are directly employed by airlines, airports, and air navigation services, producing USD 8.9 million in direct value equivalent to 0.1 percent of GDP. When combined with tourism, supply-chain effects, and employee spending, aviation becomes a central driver of Rwanda’s modern economy.
Tourism remains the single largest contributor to this ecosystem. Air-linked visitors generated USD 124.9 million for GDP and sustained 29,000 jobs, while international tourists arriving by air spent an estimated USD 688 million in 2023 on accommodation, food, and transport.
These figures underline how aviation is not merely about travel, it is a structural component of national development, advancing Rwanda’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by expanding access to markets, education, and employment.
{{RwandAir: A symbol of national connectivity}}
At the heart of Rwanda’s aviation story is RwandAir, the national carrier established in December 2002. The airline has become both an emblem of national pride and a significant line item in the public budget.
In 2023, RwandAir received Frw 192.3 billion in government subsidies, a 33 percent increase compared to the previous year and benefited from a state-guaranteed loan worth Frw 40.6 billion, according to the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning.
These allocations are expected to remain among the largest in the 2025–2026 budget, signaling Kigali’s belief that air connectivity is not a luxury, but a strategic necessity.
“We don’t see these positions as an expense, but as a crucial investment and an essential lever for economic growth,” explained Tesi Rusagara, Minister of State in charge of Resource Mobilization and Public Investment.
Despite its fiscal dependence, RwandAir’s financial performance has improved markedly. Between 2022 and 2023, its turnover increased by 82 percent to Frw 620 billion.
The airline plans to expand its destinations from 23 to 29 and double passenger numbers from 1 million to 2 million.
New routes to Zanzibar and Mombasa are scheduled for launch in December 2025, widening its reach in the East African corridor.
{{Cargo expansion and trade integration}}
Cargo operations are fast becoming a pillar of Rwanda’s aviation economy. In 2023, national carriers handled 16,500 tonnes of air freight, ranking Rwanda as the 104th-largest air cargo market globally, according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
The government aims to double this figure to 32,000 tonnes by the 2025–2026 fiscal year.
The acquisition of a Boeing 737-800 freighter in 2022 has strengthened RwandAir’s ability to support exports, particularly in the horticulture sector.
The airline’s cargo growth aligns with Qatar Airways’ 2023 decision to open its first African cargo hub in Kigali, positioning Rwanda as a logistics center for intra-African trade and re-exports.
{{Regional aviation hub}}
Rwanda’s most ambitious infrastructure project, the Bugesera International Airport represents the physical foundation of its aviation ambitions.
Scheduled for completion by late 2027, the airport carries an estimated cost of USD 2.6 billion, making it one of the country’s largest-ever infrastructure investments.
Data shows that nearly the entire Frw 699.4 billion allocation of the Investment and Equity Fund for the 2025–2026 fiscal year will go toward Bugesera’s construction.
Additional spending is also planned for the rehabilitation of Rubavu and Musanze airports to strengthen domestic connections and tourism access.
Funding for Bugesera combines local resources, concessional loans, and foreign investment. Qatar Airways holds a 60 percent stake in the airport and has also expressed interest in acquiring 49 percent of RwandAir, a deal that remains under negotiation.
Meanwhile, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has provided a USD 200 million loan, offering significantly lower borrowing costs compared to commercial markets.
Analysts from S&P Global Ratings estimate that Rwanda may still need to mobilize up to USD 1.2 billion in additional financing through multilateral guarantees or market instruments.
However, Giulia Filocca, Associate Director at S&P, notes that “Rwanda stands out because of the involvement of credible partners like Qatar and its solid institutional framework,” adding that Bugesera could “considerably improve the country’s medium-term growth prospects.”
{{Connectivity and global reach}}
Rwanda’s air network has expanded sharply over the last decade. The country now operates two airports offering 25 international departures per day to 31 airports in 24 countries, served by ten airlines.
In 2023, international passengers accounted for 95 percent of total departures, equal to 447,400 travelers, a 21 percent increase over ten years. Africa remains the largest market, hosting 56 percent of passengers, followed by Europe (21 percent) and North America (11 percent).
The top ten destinations from Kigali were Nairobi (56,500 passengers), Entebbe (28,300), Brussels (25,100), Johannesburg (19,200), Dubai (18,500), Lagos (17,000), Paris (14,500), Dar es Salaam (13,600), Bujumbura (11,300), and London (10,800).
Since 2014, Rwanda’s air connectivity index has risen by 23 percent within Africa and an extraordinary 326 percent with non-African regions, reflecting Kigali’s steady evolution into a regional transfer hub for East and Central Africa.
While access to air travel is expanding, affordability remains a structural constraint. Data from IATA (2023) shows that the average Rwandan worker must labor 124 days to afford a typical round-trip ticket. Still, mobility is improving: 34 flights per 1,000 people were recorded in 2023, indicating growing participation in air travel even amid limited purchasing power.
Beyond economics, aviation enhances social inclusion. It connects remote regions to healthcare and education, accelerates humanitarian response during crises, and integrates Rwanda more deeply into global cultural and knowledge exchanges.
Rwanda’s investments in air transport align with the country’s Vision 2050, which identifies connectivity as a key driver of transformation into a regional logistics and service hub. Aviation is viewed as the foundation upon which high-value industries including pharmaceutical manufacturing, horticulture, and conference tourism (MICE), can thrive.
Minister Rusagara notes that the government’s approach to large-scale projects such as Bugesera is carefully sequenced: “As with all major construction projects, this is not a lump-sum payment but a schedule aligned with execution. Connectivity is crucial for us, not only to accelerate tourism but also to support the investments we have made in vaccine manufacturing and agri-food hubs.”
Electricity restrictions will be in place from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. in 12 regions, the company said in a statement on Telegram. The measures will affect households, businesses and industrial users.
Parts of the eastern Kharkiv region and the northern Chernihiv region were completely cut off from power as a result of the attacks.
Overnight Wednesday, Russia launched a large-scale strike on Ukraine’s critical infrastructure, firing 405 drones and 28 missiles, according to the Ukrainian Air Force. Air defense units intercepted 333 drones and 16 missiles.
Speaking during a debate on the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT), Ngoga reaffirmed Rwanda’s unwavering commitment to accountability, truth, and reconciliation, while highlighting persistent challenges in apprehending fugitives and combating genocide denial.
Addressing the Assembly, Ambassador Ngoga praised the IRMCT and its predecessor, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), as “indispensable pillars” in holding accountable those responsible for the genocide and other serious violations of international humanitarian law. However, he emphasised that significant gaps remain, particularly in the pursuit of over 1,400 indicted individuals who are still at large.
“Rwanda has repeatedly drawn attention to a pattern of insufficient cooperation by some states, whether through failure to arrest, to extradite, or to prosecute those indicted,” Ngoga stated, noting that in some cases, justice has been delayed for years due to reluctance by certain nations to act on formal requests.
The ambassador underscored Rwanda’s readiness to take on greater responsibility as the IRMCT nears the completion of its mandate. Rwanda has offered to enforce the sentences of 25 convicted persons in compliance with international standards, building on a 2008 agreement with the UN that Ngoga described as a “milestone in cooperation.”
He affirmed that Rwanda views this role not as a burden but as a continuation of its national journey toward justice and reconciliation, which began in the aftermath of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
“Rwanda remains in strict compliance with the agreement,” Ngoga said, confirming that no obstacles exist to its full implementation.
Ngoga also addressed the situation of six acquitted or released individuals currently relocated to Niger, stressing that Rwanda is prepared to receive them as free citizens.
“There should be no prolonged ambiguity regarding their status or place of residence when the country of origin has expressed readiness to receive its nationals,” he argued, calling for a precedent to guide the management of both convicts and those who have completed their sentences.
The individuals include Major François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye, Prosper Mugiraneza (former Labour Minister), Col. Alphonse Nteziryayo, André Ntagerura and Capt. Innocent Sagahutu.
A major concern raised by Ngoga was the growing threat of genocide denial, distortion, and revisionism, which he warned not only reopens wounds for survivors but also seeks to erase the truth established by international justice. To counter this, Rwanda has proposed taking custodianship of the ICTR and IRMCT archives, which serve as vital repositories of testimony, memory, and evidence.
“Building on its experience in preserving Gacaca and other genocide archives, Rwanda possesses the institutional capacity to ensure their security, accessibility, and educational value for future generations,” Ngoga told the Assembly.
The ambassador called for sustained cooperation between the IRMCT, member states, and national authorities to ensure the progress of the past three decades does not fade. He urged the Office of the Prosecutor and UN bodies to continue supporting capacity building and technical assistance for national jurisdictions, enabling them to address genocide and crimes against humanity effectively.
“The nightmare of impunity must not outlast the institutions we built to confront it,” Ngoga declared.
In a direct appeal to the Security Council and member states, Ngoga reiterated Rwanda’s readiness to assume the IRMCT’s residual functions, including hosting convicted individuals and safeguarding the archives. He emphasised Rwanda’s unique position due to its geographic and institutional proximity to the ICTR’s work, making it well-suited to carry forward the achievements of international criminal justice.
“We call upon this Assembly and all member states to renew their cooperation to arrest fugitives, to extradite or prosecute those indicted, and to support the preservation of the archives,” he urged, reinforcing Rwanda’s resolve to ensure that the legacy of the ICTR and IRMCT endures for future generations.
The laboratory, costing Frw 2 billion, is being built in the Rubavu District as part of the larger Lake Kivu Monitoring Program (LKMP), which is essential for the sustainable management of this important natural resource for Rwanda.
Once complete, the facility will be equipped with advanced tools for monitoring environmental protection, water quality, and methane gas levels, while also supporting various research activities.
The laboratory will provide valuable equipment for experts in the fields of biology, chemistry, earth sciences, and other disciplines, offering resources that are not readily available in the region.
Eric Mudakikwa Ruhanamirindi, the environment analytics and Lake Kivu monitoring division manager at REMA, confirmed that the laboratory will be completed by November.
“The main objective is to ensure that methane gas extraction is conducted without harming the environment,” he told the Parliamentary Committee on Land, Agriculture, Livestock and Environment on Tuesday.
Alex Mugabo, REMA’s Single Project Implementation Unit (SPIU) Coordinator, mentioned that the construction of the laboratory is 80% complete.
He noted that although the project was expected to be finished by now, an additional Frw 500 to 600 million is required to complete the remaining work. Despite this, he emphasized that the construction is progressing well.
REMA has confirmed that the required funds for the completion of the project have already been secured, with no further financial concerns.
Statistics show that Lake Kivu contains between 60 and 70 cubic kilometers of methane gas, with 44.7 cubic kilometers available for extraction.
Rwanda has two industries extracting this natural resource: KivuWatt and Shema Power Lake Kivu. Additionally, a new plant, GasMeth, is set to begin operations soon.
Rwanda has two plants currently extracting this natural resource including KivuWatt and Shema Power Lake Kivu. In addition, a new plant, GasMeth, is set to begin operations shortly.
In the next five years, Rwanda plans to invest over $1 billion into projects aimed at generating 1,000 megawatts of power to meet the country’s diverse energy needs.
Part of this investment will go toward developing methane gas extraction to generate an additional 136 megawatts of electricity from this natural resource.
These projects were chosen from a pool of 50 that competed in the initial public voting phase of the competition. The selected projects represent a diverse range of innovative ideas and social impact, with 80% of the selection based on the decisions of a panel of judges and 20% determined by the public through a digital voting system.
The competition aims to support emerging entrepreneurs by providing them with valuable knowledge, training, opportunities to network with key industry players, and financial support to help develop their ventures.
In a media interview, Mudenge Ingabire Phionah, representing business mentors, emphasized that the 12 entrepreneurs advancing to the next stage were selected based on the novelty and potential benefits of their projects for the community.
She noted that many young people are eager to start businesses but lack the necessary resources and confidence. “Many young people show a strong desire to start businesses, but the problem is that they are not well-prepared. That is why it is our responsibility to help them develop solid, high-quality projects with a sustainable future,” she said.
Remmy Lubega, the show’s Executive Producer and CEO of RG-Consult Inc, explained that the main goal of the project is to showcase and promote young entrepreneurs and their businesses by giving them a platform to publicize their ideas.
He highlighted that one of the major challenges faced by young entrepreneurs is the lack of visibility, which this contest seeks to address.
“This initiative aims to provide entrepreneurs with more opportunities, such as meeting investors, potential partners, and gaining audiences for their work,” Lubega said.
The 12 entrepreneurs moving forward will receive mentorship and training to refine their projects before presenting them to the judging panel in a televised event.
The Tangira StartUp TV Contest will air on Igihe TV in six phases, with winners being selected each week until the final six projects remain to compete for the grand prize.
The finalists will compete for prizes including over 10 million Rwandan Francs and other valuable rewards.
The Tangira StartUp TV Contest has several partners, including BRD, ICT Chamber, RSE, 250Startups Incubator, BPN, ESP, IGIHE, Aba VIP, Itara Productions, BTN, ATV, Royal FM, Capital FM, Nep Filmz, and RG-Consult Inc.
In an exclusive interview with IGIHE, John Giusti, GSMA’s Deputy Director General, reflected on the summit’s evolution and the organisation’s strategy to make digital access more inclusive.
“This is my fifth time in Kigali, and it’s always fantastic,” Giusti said. “There’s so much energy. Rwanda has really been a leader, from President Paul Kagame to ICT Minister Paula Ingabire in driving digital transformation both nationally and across Africa.”
Since its debut three years ago, MWC Kigali has evolved from a regional gathering into a major platform showcasing Africa’s digital transformation. Each year, the summit has expanded its focus from mobile connectivity and broadband coverage to fintech innovations, network security, and artificial intelligence, highlighting the continent’s growing role in the global tech ecosystem.
Today, MWC Kigali not only convenes industry leaders but also drives concrete initiatives, such as affordable 4G smartphones and AI solutions in African languages, positioning itself at the forefront of digital inclusion.
According to Giusti, one of the most significant milestones has been the expansion of mobile broadband coverage.
“We’ve moved from a point in 2017 where 34% of Africa’s population lacked coverage to today, where only 9% are not connected. This reflects the commitment of operators and supportive government policies,” he noted.
{{Tackling smartphone affordability
}}
A central theme of MWC Kigali 2025 is handset affordability. The GSMA Handset Affordability Coalition, launched in collaboration with six major operators Airtel, Axian Telecom, Ethio Telecom, MTN, Orange, and Vodacom, aims to reduce the cost of entry-level 4G devices.
“The biggest barrier to connectivity is the cost of the device,” Giusti explained. “We brought together operators, device manufacturers, and institutions like the International Telecommunication Union and the World Bank to develop concrete solutions to make smartphones more accessible.”
The coalition has now defined baseline specifications for affordable yet functional 4G smartphones, ensuring devices are both practical and desirable for consumers, whether for business, social life, or daily use. Giusti added that partnerships with governments will be crucial, particularly in reducing taxes and offering innovative financing solutions to lower costs further.
South Africa’s removal of luxury taxes on smartphones priced under USD 150 serves as a model for other countries.
“Smartphones are no longer a luxury; they are a basic necessity, like bread or vegetables,” Giusti said. “Fair taxation policies are essential to ensure everyone can access digital tools.”
{{Closing Africa’s connectivity gap
}}
While lowering device costs is key, the GSMA acknowledges other challenges, including digital skills and relevant local content. Only 0.02% of online content is currently available in Africa’s many languages, highlighting the need for content development in native tongues. MWC Kigali 2025 addresses this by exploring AI in African languages, energy resilience, and other initiatives that complement connectivity efforts.
Looking ahead, Giusti emphasised the potential for Africa’s young population to drive innovation: “Seventy percent of Africa’s population is under 30. More people are entering the job market, but too many are still not connected digitally. Our goal is to ensure that everyone can participate in the digital economy.”
MWC Kigali 2025 will conclude on Thursday. The summit continues to serve as a vital platform for public-private collaboration, driving initiatives that aim to make the continent more connected and digitally inclusive.
Watch the full exclusive interview with the GSMA executive below.
This is one of the fond memories that those who know President Kagame have of him from his childhood. From the Southern Province of Rwanda, where he was born, to the refugee camps in Uganda, including Rukinga, Nshungerezi, and Gahunge, Kagame stood out as a model of excellence, a characteristic that has stayed with him to this day.
Born in 1957, President Kagame entered the world in a family of integrity. His mother, Asteria Bisinda, and his father, Deogratias Rutagambwa, were individuals of principle. Rutagambwa, an entrepreneur who founded Trafipro, was also known for his ethical conduct. Even during their time in exile, he was often chosen to lead the community in the camps.
Kagame was baptized as an infant in November 1957, with Mutembe Ildephonse serving as his godfather, just one month after his birth.
In 1959, as political unrest escalated in Rwanda during the Revolution, which targeted the Tutsi population, Kagame’s family fled their home.
They initially sought refuge in the Mutara region of Rwanda, before eventually crossing into Uganda on November 6, 1961.
During their journey, Kagame and his mother were separated from his father, who passed through Burundi and eventually made his way to the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), and then to Uganda.
While life in exile was undoubtedly difficult, Kagame continued his education in the refugee camps. One of the individuals who knew him from Gahunge camp, recalls that Kagame was a disciplined, neat child, maintaining a level of cleanliness that was rare for many as he studied at Rwengoro School.
Another former colleague remembers Kagame as someone who, despite his youth, would approach older students to inquire about their duties or to remind them of their responsibilities.
“He had a mature demeanor,” said one former peer. “He would often play football with the older boys, but he would also ask us why we weren’t studying.”
Kagame excelled in school, standing out as one of the brightest students. A teacher from that time remembers a foreign visitor who encouraged the students to work hard, promising that those who performed well would be offered a chance to study at Ntare School, a prestigious secondary school. Kagame was among the first to achieve this goal.
Throughout his early life, Kagame exhibited a deep curiosity about Rwanda’s history, often seeking out the stories of older individuals who had fought in the Inyenzi movement. He and his close childhood friend Fred Rwigema spent hours learning from veterans including Maliko, reflecting Kagame’s early passion for his country and its history.
After completing his studies at Ntare School, Kagame attended Old Kampala School before eventually joining the Ugandan liberation struggle. While others pursued university education, Kagame chose to fight for Uganda’s freedom, believing it would provide him with the opportunity to return to his homeland.
Those familiar with Kagame’s early military history note that he joined Uganda’s armed forces by hitching a ride in a truck driven by General Lutaaya, one of Uganda’s top military officers.
He began his military journey by participating in the 1981 attack on the Kabamba Military Training School, which marked the beginning of Uganda’s liberation struggle.
During the war, Kagame held important military roles, focusing on discipline within the ranks and intelligence operations. He was known for his professionalism and dedication, and his soldiers respected him greatly for his integrity and leadership.
Those who served with Kagame during his time in the military recall how he was admired. “He was a man of integrity, and everyone respected him,” said one comrade. “He never tolerated injustice and always acted with fairness.”
Kagame’s early life, from his childhood in the refugee camps to his military service, laid the foundation for the values he continues to uphold as the president of Rwanda today. His commitment to fairness, integrity, cleanliness, and a deep love for his country has been consistent throughout his life.
Today, as Rwanda’s president, Kagame is celebrated for his role in leading the country to freedom, stopping the genocide against the Tutsi, and rebuilding Rwanda into a nation with international stature. He is credited with improving the lives of Rwandans in all aspects, ensuring no one is left behind and fostering national unity.
Kagame has never accepted the colonial idea of dividing Rwandans based on ethnicity, and he continues to reject any notion of division. He once spoke of how a Stanford University expert suggested a scientific method to measure the “genealogies” of Rwandans to justify colonial divisions. Kagame responded by dismissing such ideas, stating that such notions were a form of foolishness.
He emphasized that despite differences in appearance or background, all Rwandans are united as human beings, and the government should focus on unity.
As Rwanda continues to thrive under his leadership, Kagame’s childhood experiences and the values he developed during those formative years remain a testament to his integrity and vision for the future of the nation.
The meeting brought together officials from both countries alongside representatives from the United States, the State of Qatar, and the African Union Commission. The session aimed to advance the implementation of the Washington Peace Agreement, signed on June 27, 2025, which seeks to end hostilities and restore stability in eastern DRC and the broader Great Lakes region.
According to a joint statement released by the U.S. Department of State, participants reaffirmed their adherence to the Operations Order (OPORD), the key plan guiding the execution of the Concept of Operations (CONOPS) finalised earlier this month during the Joint Oversight Committee (JOC) meeting.
The JSCM reviewed progress since the previous sessions held in September and early October, particularly under Phase 1 of the OPORD, which emphasised preparation through threat analysis and information sharing.
Delegates also discussed coordinated steps toward neutralising the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), a key objective of the peace roadmap, and lifting Rwanda’s defensive measures once security conditions permit. Rwanda maintains that the FDLR, a militia group founded by perpetrators of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, continues to collaborate with the Congolese army and operate in eastern DRC, posing a serious security threat to Rwanda.
While the parties acknowledged progress, the fragile nature of the peace process remains evident. Since the Washington Peace Agreement was signed in June, implementation has faced multiple setbacks amid lingering mistrust and continued instability in parts of eastern Congo. The meeting in Washington was therefore seen as a critical step in sustaining dialogue and maintaining momentum toward de-escalation.
Both the Congolese and Rwandan delegations expressed gratitude to the United States, Qatar, and the African Union for their ongoing facilitation and diplomatic support. The JSCM members agreed to continue monitoring developments closely and to reconvene for a fourth meeting on November 19–20, 2025, to assess progress and address emerging challenges.
All participants reiterated their shared commitment to achieving lasting peace and stability in eastern DRC and the Great Lakes region.
