Category: Health

{{An international team of flu experts will go to China this week to help with investigations into the deadly H7N9 virus, the World Health Organisation (WHO) said on Tuesday.}}

Chinese authorities said eight more people were infected with the new strain of avian flu that has killed 14 people among 71 confirmed cases, state news agency Xinhua said.

The new cases were in the eastern provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, it said.

No human-to-human spread of the virus has been confirmed.

“We’re still trying to find out more information about the reservoir (of the virus). From what we know at the moment, the poultry markets have been a focus of attention, but the fact-finding mission will be looking into this as a key target of its research,” WHO spokesman Glenn Thomas told a regular U.N. news briefing in Geneva.

The team going to China includes four specialists in areas such as emerging viruses, human-to-animal flu viruses and epidemiology, as well as an unspecified number of WHO staff, Thomas said.

Another WHO spokesman, Gregory Hartl, said it would be made up of eight people in all.

One of the points the mission wants to investigate is how some people seem to fight off the infection.

{agencies}

{{scientists say Novel measures are needed to tackle malaria hotspots in countries with low levels of the disease.}}

Countries such as Malaysia and Bhutan have seen malaria levels fall – but pockets of infection remain, mainly among men living or working outdoors.

Writing in the Lancet, the scientists say this means that measures, such as nets, that help in homes are ineffective.

Instead, treated hammocks or clothing could be more useful.

{{‘Hot pops’}}

In countries where there are high levels of malaria, it is largely women and young children who are affected.

But in places where there has been success in reducing overall levels, it is adult men who bear most risk.

Those working in forests or plantations, or sleeping in fields overnight to protect crops, are all specific groups – known as “hot pops” (populations).

In the Philippines it was found that men who went to forests at night to hunt or gather wood were six times more likely to be infected than other men.

In Sri Lanka, where malaria incidence fell by 99.9% between 1999 and 2011, the proportion of infections in men rose from 54% to 93%.

The Lancet paper suggests this might be linked to the conflict in the island, which ran from 1983 to 2009.

Other groups who are disproportionately affected include ethnic or political minorities who are typically poor and often on the move.

BBC

{{India’s Supreme Court is to rule Monday on a landmark patent case involving Swiss drugmaker Novartis AG that focuses on demands by major companies that their investments be protected, against Indian companies that say they should be allowed to continue producing cheaper generic versions of many lifesaving medicines.}}

A decision in the seven-year legal battle is keenly awaited by the two most interested parties— big pharma companies and health aid groups — with both sides saying the outcome will set a precedent with far-reaching consequences for the future availability of the drugs.

“Across the world, people rely on India for supplies of affordable versions of expensive patented medicines,” said Leena Menghaney of Doctors Without Borders. “This case will have fundamental consequences.”

The case goes back to 2006 when Novartis’ application for a fresh patent in India for its cancer drug imatinib mesylate was rejected by the Indian patent office.

The patent authority cited a legal provision in India’s 2005 patent law aimed at preventing companies from getting fresh patents for making only minor changes to existing medicines — a practice known as “evergreening.”

The drugmaker has argued that its leukemia drug Gleevec, known in Europe and India as Glivec, was a newer, more easily absorbed version that qualified for a fresh patent.

The company filed an appeal, but India’s patent appeals office turned it down in 2009 on the grounds the company was unable to show significant increase in efficacy of the drug.

Novartis then approached the Supreme Court in August 2009, which heard arguments seeking to challenge the interpretation and application of India’s patent law in the case.

Gleevec, used in treating chronic myeloid leukemia and some other cancers, costs a patient about $2,600 a month. Its generic version was available in India for around $175 per month.

“The difference in price was huge. The generic version makes it affordable to so many more poor people, not just in India, but across the world,” said Y.K. Sapru, of the Mumbai-based Cancer Patients Aid Association.

The case once again pits big pharmaceutical companies against health activists and aid groups with both sections arguing that the judgment would be an important milestone for the future of the pharmaceutical industry worldwide.

“The Novartis verdict is important because it will determine whether India gets to limit patents to genuine new drugs, or whether drug companies get to “evergreen” their patents until eternity, simply by re-patenting a slightly modified version of a known substance,” said Ellen ‘t Hoen, a pharmaceutical law and policy consultant.

Western pharmaceutical companies have warned that a rejection of Novartis’ application would discourage investment in research and innovation, and would hobble drugmakers’ efforts to refine and improve their products.

The international drug majors have been pushing for stronger patent protection in India to regulate the country’s $26 billion generic drug industry, which they say often flouts intellectual property rights.

In a statement sent to The Associated Press late last year, Novartis said patent protection was important to ensure effective protection for innovation.

“Knowing we can rely on patents in India benefits government, industry and patients because research-based organizations will know if investing in the development of better medicines for India is a viable long-term option,” the company said.

Groups such as Doctors Without Borders say cheaply made Indian generics are a lifesaver for millions of patients in poor countries who cannot afford to pay Western prices to treat diseases such as cancer, malaria and HIV.

India, which has emerged as the world’s pharmacy for the poor, has come under intense scrutiny from pharmaceutical giants who say India’s 2005 Patent Act fails to guarantee the rights of investors who finance drug research and development.

The country’s recent decision to allow a local manufacturer to produce a generic version of Bayer’s patented cancer drug Nexavar, to make the drug available to the public at a reasonably affordable price, has also not gone down well with Western pharmaceutical companies.

Health and aid groups were clearly nervous before the top court rules on the Novartis case.

“Generic companies depend on the freedom to operate. If there are too many intellectual property-related challenges, then the companies very quickly withdraw from making that drug,” said Menghaney.

The groups fear that a ruling in favor of Novartis would lead to a proliferation of patents — some based on a minor tweaking of formulation and dosages —on dozens of other generic medicines that Indian companies have been producing and supplying to needy nations at far lower costs than those charged by Western drug manufacturers.

And the fallout of the judgment will be felt across the world, says Menghaney. “It’s not just about India.”

“If generic competition on many crucial medicines ends, then prices for these medicines will increase, both in India and across the developing world. This would be devastating for millions who rely on India for affordable medicines.”

{Associated Press}