Author: Sam K. Nkurunziza

The center aims to train 10,000 tech experts over the next five years, with a focus on those already working in the technology field, who will receive advanced knowledge using various technological tools. Its goal is to help Rwanda achieve its target of building a technology-driven economy.

Additionally, the center will support the Rwandan government’s plan to train a million people, mainly youth, in technology-related courses like coding over the next five years, and 500,000 others in advanced technology training.

During the center’s official launch on October 23, 2024, the Managing Director of Vuba Technologies Limited, Srimal Rajapaksha, said the center aims to bridge the skills gap between what students learn in school and the skills needed in the job market. Many graduates find themselves lacking sufficient expertise to handle challenges in their fields.

“Often, the knowledge provided in schools is purely theoretical and doesn’t sufficiently prepare students for the workplace. We established this center to provide hands-on training, allowing tech experts to learn through practical, work-based experiences,” Rajapaksha explained.

The center is envisioned to become a model for Africa, with tech experts from countries like Malawi, Zambia, and other African nations coming to Rwanda for training. This will help reduce the number of people traveling abroad to seek modern technological education.

Currently, the center is collaborating with government institutions, schools, and private sector companies to foster partnerships aimed at promoting the technology sector. Students who complete the training will receive internationally recognized certificates that validate their acquired skills.

The center offers training in various fields, including networking, data processing and analysis, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence (AI), software development, and more. Graduates will also be supported in obtaining internationally recognized certifications after completing their courses.

In addition to Rwandans, the center is expected to welcome international students from different African countries, with training provided either through technology-based methods or in-person.

With an investment of over 200 million RWF, the school is poised for future expansion into other regions of the country. The planning and development of the center has been underway since 2019.

At an event held on October 23, 2024 to present the company’s environmental audit report, Peter Geleta, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) highlighted the critical role of environmental sustainability in the mining industry and emphasized the importance of aligning mining operations with international standards.

“The days of mining companies heading into Africa, pillaging resources, and leaving a trail of environmental damage are gone. We see ourselves as stewards of the environment and are committed to responsible mining that adheres to the highest international standards,” he said.

The assessment was conducted on Trinity’s three major mines which include Rutongo mines, Musha mines and Nyakabingo mines and represents a comprehensive review of the environmental and social impacts associated with their operations.

The last similar assessment was conducted in 2015, making this latest review particularly timely as the company works to improve its environmental footprint and adopt more sustainable practices.

“Since our last assessment nearly a decade ago, the mining industry in Rwanda, has evolved significantly. We embarked on this journey last year to update our environmental and social impact studies, recognizing that this is key to our long-term success and sustainability,” Geleta noted.

Geleta explained that the company is focused on leaving the environment in a state that is safe and conducive for future use once mining operations are complete.

“We need to ensure that we do our environmental planning properly, that we manage our closure planning responsibly, and that we leave the environment in a good state for the next generation,” he emphasized.

Trinity Metals is also making strides in the social impact arena. With a workforce of over 7,000 employees, 99% of whom are Rwandans, the company has been a major contributor to local communities, providing jobs and opportunities for economic development.

Furthermore, the company has made a concerted effort to promote gender equality within the mining sector, with women now making up 18% of the workforce across its mines, a figure expected to raise to 30% in the coming years.

The CEO also underscored the importance of international partnerships and investments in ensuring that Trinity Metals operates at the highest standards.

The unveiling of these findings, along with the company’s approach to sustainable mining, signals a good will for the Rwandan mining industry as Innocent Safari, the Chief Finance Officer at the Rwanda Mining Board (RMD) explains.

“Mining companies are expected to balance economic growth with environmental responsibility by aligning their operations with international standards,” he said.

Safari expressed gratitude for Trinity metals for positioning itself as a leader in responsible mining and setting an example for other companies in Rwanda.

He called out for the general public, the wider mining community and stakeholders to follow suit and practice responsible mining by doing it in a way that benefits both the economy and the environment, ensuring a future that everyone can be proud of.

Fidele Ruzigandekwe, an expert consultant in environmental impact assessment revealed that water pollution, soil erosion, air and noise pollution are some of the findings that were identified in this particular ESIA.

“Unregulated mining practices lead to significant environmental and social inequalities. Trinity’s forward-thinking approach, coupled with its commitment to sustainable practices, is paving the way for a modern era in Rwandan mining,” he said.

During a press conference on October 22, 2024, Nathan Ntaganzwa, the Managing Director of 1000Hills Events, shared insights into the upcoming ceremony, emphasizing the growing recognition of disability inclusion.

“From previous experiences, we realize that people are slowly getting to know the importance of disability inclusion. This year, we are introducing a one-day festival where people will showcase their work and create mass awareness about the importance of inclusion,” Ntaganzwa explained.

The event will recognize individuals, SMEs, and corporate companies that have championed the inclusion of people with disabilities in their workplace and communities. The day-long festival will feature an exhibition, keynote speeches reflecting on 30 years of progress in disability inclusion, and artistic performances by persons with and without disabilities.

Ntaganzwa highlited the role of the private sector in this journey.
“In the past, some private organizations showed interest in adopting inclusion policies but didn’t know how to proceed. The more we hold such events, the better we can connect those eager to work with people with disabilities and those willing to adopt inclusive hiring practices,” he said.

Stakeholders such as Feed the Future Rwanda Hanga Akazi are actively supporting the event. Speaking on behalf of the organization, Come Ndemezo, the Gender Equity and Social Inclusion Coordinator, stressed the need to encourage companies to adopt inclusion not out of sympathy but as a smart business strategy.

“Women, youth, and persons with disabilities are our focus. We want the private sector to see inclusion as a smart move and recognize the benefits of employing people with disabilities,” Ndemezo said, urging more companies to embrace the practice.

Dr. Donatille Kanimba, the founding Executive Director of the Rwanda Union of the Blind, echoed similar sentiments, praising the government and other sectors for their efforts in making people with disabilities feel included.

“Many of us were once afraid to express ourselves, even though we were capable of achieving great things. Now, we have accomplished much, and many with disabilities are more confident in reaching their career goals,” she remarked.

The event promises to be a vibrant celebration of the strides made in disability inclusion while also advocating for continued efforts to ensure people with disabilities can thrive in both professional and personal capacities.
You can nominate and vote for the person or institution of your choice on the link below.
https://rdia.igihe.rw/

This project was launched in September 2021 in the districts of Huye, Gakenke, Gicumbi, and Burera in collaboration with the World Bank and the Government of Rwanda. Its goal is to empower citizens with development skills beginning with the ability to think and discover what benefits them based on the characteristics of their local environment.

The beneficiaries first underwent six months of training through development pathway meetings known as the ‘Facilitated Collective Action Process (FCAP). These meetings helped citizens identifying their own problems and the potential they have to tackle them to attain long-term and sustainable solutions over immediate need.

This community, spearheaded by the Community-Based Facilitator (CBF) locally known as Inyenyeri, has shown that poverty can be fought even in the most remote areas through local ownership and collective action.

The financial support is not given directly in cash but rather invested in the projects the community chooses. Spark Microgrants provided this funding in two phases, with each village receiving 4.6 million Rwandan Francs in the first phase (60% of the total), followed by an additional 3 million Rwandan Francs (40%) along with 5% of contributions from the district, amounting to 380,000 RWF.

Rwigemure Yahaya, a resident of Kabaya village in Ruhanga cell, shared how the bulls farming project they selected in their village has brought wealth to the community. “With the first grant, we bought 14 bulls. We took care of them and sold them once they matured, and distribute the profits among group members”, he said.

After selling the bulls, “the profits were shared. Part of the money went towards reinvesting in younger bulls, while the community also prioritised supporting its most vulnerable members, where they bought sheep, a hen, or any other materials for those in need to ensure that everyone benefits, no matter their situation,” Yahya added.

From the first round of shared profits, the group bought 41 sheep for 41 households in need. In the next cycle, after reselling bulls, the profits allowed them to distribute 37 more sheep to 37 additional households, bringing the total to 78 sheep distributed so far.

Some of these sheep have already reproduced, with some households now owning more than three sheep, helping them meet various domestic needs where necessary including manure.
Rwigemure further explained that the village received the second tranche which was invested in loaning scheme projects to support household small-scale businesses and improve their livelihoods.

In Gicumbi district, beneficiaries have started farming for the market. In Mutete sector, beneficiaries reported that agricultural production has become a source of income after receiving support from Spark Microgrants.

Odette Ugirasekuru, a resident of Kabeza cell in Kagarama village, shared how the cow she received significantly boosted her agricultural output. “After receiving the cow, as able to collect organic fertilizers and decided to establish a banana plantation. Unlike previously when had to buy fertilizers, could barely harvest three kilograms of bananas, now I harvest bunches weighing up to 80 kilograms each. Every month, I harvest around 40 bunches.”

“My cow produces eight liters of milk per day, and over the past three months, I’ve earned 270,000 RWF from selling the milk. I still have enough for my family to drink, and I even share with needy neighbors.”
In that village, out of 202 households, only nine have not yet received cows, but they are expected to be assisted by their neighbors.

Beneficiaries in Huye district also report positive changes due to the project. Appolinaria Mukanyabyenda, a resident of Kigoma cector and community-based facilitator for Kabingo village, said that the residents have successfully eradicated malnutrition by focusing on providing children with balanced diets.

Vestine Nyiramanywa, an elderly woman from Gishamvu sector, said that Spark Microgrants has helped them achieve food security through pig farming, which generates income and promotes savings on top of their usual agricultural activities.

Ange Sebutege , the Mayor of Huye district says that Spark Microgrants has greatly improving the well-being of residents, citing an example in Gishamvu sector, which ranked second in health insurance enrollment, in a district that used to lag behind such government programs.

He said, “What we did with Spark was to provide capacity support, but the ideas are theirs. They must remember that these projects are like investments for the village, where each resident has a share. We aim to eliminate poverty entirely in the future, so it is crucial to follow up on these projects.”

According to Donald Ndahiro, Spark Microgrants Country Director for Rwanda, the achievements of the ACE project so far offers hope for sustainable community development.

“When we look at the results since 2021, we see that their domestic possessions, like TVs, radios, money on bank accounts, livestock, and more, have increased by 120% as a result of the projects they implemented. Regarding nutrition, the number of people eating only one meal a day has dropped from 54% to 33%,” he said.

The ACE Project operates in 249 villages, but Spark Microgrants plans to expand to 2,500 villages in the coming years and collaborate with the Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC) to integrate lessons learnt from the project into national planning.

Spark Microgrants is an international non-profit based in the United States, which started its operations in Rwanda in 2010. The organization has transformed the lives of residents in over 339 villages across Gakenke, Gicumbi, Burera, Musanze, Huye, Nyabihu, Rulindo and Gisagara, districts.

With more than 240,000 beneficiaries, 64% of whom are women. Spark Microgrants operates in Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Ghana, Liberia, DRC, Malawi, and Ghana.

Prominent African leaders have come together in this landmark step, as the initiative is set to transform the continent’s leadership landscape by meeting the diverse needs of leaders across Africa.

The ASG aims to address the continent’s pressing governance challenges by equipping emerging leaders with the mindsets, skills and knowledge required for effective leadership in Africa’s future. The initiative brings together visionaries committed to creating a sustainable governance model rooted in African realities.

A collective leadership vision

The ASG initiative is founded by H.E. Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda, H.E. Hailemariam Desalegn, former Prime Minister of Ethiopia (both co-founders of the ASG Foundation) in consultation with other African leaders, academicians, and philanthropists dedicated to improving governance across the continent.

ASG is supported by the Mastercard Foundation as part of its Young Africa Works strategy, which aims to enable 30 million young Africans, 70 percent of whom are women, to access dignified and fulfilling work opportunities by 2030.

ASG will be led by esteemed independent governing board members, chaired by Makhtar Diop, Managing Director of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and former Minister of Finance and Economy of Senegal, and including Donald Kaberuka, former President of the African Development Bank, Hajer Gueldich, Professor at the University of Carthage, Kishore Mahbubani, former Dean of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, and Francis Gatare, CEO of the Rwanda Development Board.

The ASG Foundation has appointed Professor Kingsley Moghalu, former Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria and a distinguished scholar and academic, to be the inaugural President of ASG. The collective vision of ASG’s leadership is to create an institution that offers world-class education in governance and public policy while promoting home-grown solutions to Africa’s unique challenges and opportunities.

Speaking on the launch, H.E. Hailemariam Desalegn commented: “The time is ripe for an institution rooted in Africa’s needs and aspirations. The African School of Governance will be a hub for nurturing purpose-driven leaders equipped to tackle the continent’s greatest challenges and opportunities, combining Africa’s uniqueness with international best practices. This is not just an educational institution, but a movement towards sustainable African leadership.”

Tackling Africa’s development and governance challenges

Africa’s rapid economic growth, increasing global influence, and evolving governance structures present unprecedented opportunities and challenges. From post-pandemic recovery to climate adaptation, the continent’s policymakers face complex and urgent issues that require skilled leadership.

ASG aims to meet this critical need, by developing current and future leaders who can address these challenges through a shift in leadership mindsets, governance, and sustainable development to drive long-term, meaningful change across the continent.

Academic excellence and tailored programs

ASG will offer a comprehensive suite of academic programs designed to meet governance, leadership, and policy deficit across Africa. These include the Master of Public Administration (MPA) and the Executive Master of Public Administration (EMPA) programs, which are tailored to mid-career professionals and senior executives, respectively.

ASG will also provide specialized Executive Courses aimed at enhancing specific leadership skills for professionals. Additionally, the Young Leaders Program (YLP) and Senior Leadership Fellowship (SLF) will cater for high-potential undergraduates and seasoned professionals nearing the end of their careers, ensuring that ASG supports leadership development at every stage.

ASG’s curriculum will be distinguished by integrating African historical, political, and socio-economic contexts. By grounding students in African realities, the institution will equip diverse leaders to navigate the continent’s complex governance challenges while drawing from global best practices.

Innovative research and policy engagement

In addition to its educational offerings, ASG will play a critical role in advancing governance through its dedicated research centres. These include the Centre for Home-Grown Innovations in Policy and Governance, the Centre for African History and Leadership, the Centre for Trade and Regional Integration, and the Centre for Technology and Effective Delivery.

These research hubs will focus on generating evidence-based solutions tailored to African governance challenges, helping policymakers design and implement effective policies and strategies.

ASG’s commitment to policy engagement is equally robust, with plans to actively engage with governments, civil society, and private-sector stakeholders. Through policy labs, incubators, and collaborative partnerships, ASG will translate its research into actionable policy solutions that promote good governance and sustainable development across the continent.

Leadership and governance structure

As the inaugural President of ASG, Professor Kingsley Moghalu, a globally recognised leader in public policy and governance, will steer the institution towards its ambitious goals.

Professor Moghalu, a former Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, has held senior positions in the United Nations system for 17 years and taught at prestigious institutions such as Harvard, Oxford, and The Fletcher School at Tufts University.

He is also the author of several books, including the critically acclaimed Emerging Africa: How the Global Economy’s ‘Last Frontier’ Can Prosper and Matter.

Makhtar Diop, Managing Director of the IFC and Chair of ASG’s Board, said, “We are excited to welcome Kingsley Moghalu as President of the African School of Governance. His sterling track record of leadership in international and national policymaking institutions, academia, and his thought leadership influence, will help make ASG a transformative graduate school and develop a new generation of purpose-driven leaders with the skills and mindsets to help Africa address the challenges of the 21st Century.”

Professor Moghalu will be responsible for steering and shaping ASG’s academic vision, delivering learning programs that reflect the complex governance challenges facing Africa today. Under the guidance of the Governing Board, he will focus on recruiting top-tier African faculty, fostering academic excellence, and positioning ASG as a hub for intellectual and policy innovation.

“The establishment of ASG is a powerful expression of a clear vision on the part of the founding leaders,” Prof. Moghalu said in response to his appointment. “I share this vision of a transformed Africa driven by competent leadership and governance, and I am honoured to have been tasked with leading ASG’s critical contribution to making that vision a reality.”

Strategic partnerships

ASG is supported by the ASG Foundation, a not-for-profit foundation, that exists to help mobilize funding and manage its endowments, as well as give strategic guidance to the institution and support related initiatives for the development of African leaders.

The establishment of ASG is supported by strong strategic partnerships with other world-class institutions, including the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, and the Mastercard Foundation.

A Pan-African initiative with global reach

Headquartered in Kigali, Rwanda, ASG is set to become a Pan-African institution with a global influence. Its mission is to build leadership capacity that transcends borders, ensuring that African voices are not only heard but lead the charge in global governance discussions.

ASG’s partnership with institutions such as the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore further reinforces its commitment to providing a world-class education that draws from both African and international expertise.

This announcement marks a significant milestone in Africa’s governance journey. Through the collective efforts of its founders and partners, the institution will help to nurture the leaders that Africa needs to tackle the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.

According to WHO Director General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, this achievement marks a major milestone in Marburg virus care, as these patients would likely have succumbed to the disease in previous outbreaks.

“We believe this is the first time patients with Marburg virus have been extubated in Africa. These patients would have died in previous outbreaks. I commend Rwanda’s health system for its preparedness and life-saving interventions,” Tedros said, citing a recent incident where two patients successfully recovered.

The WHO boss was speaking at a joint presser with Rwanda’s Ministry of Health held on October 20, 2024, attended by various partners and stakeholders in the health sector. He recognized Rwanda’s ability to contain the deadly virus, a feat achieved through strategic measures and effective health interventions.

“We’re pleased to see that there have been no new cases in the past six days. And we hope that remains the case,” said Tedros, highlighting the aptitude to provide critical care for Marburg patients.

The country has not seen any new cases in the past six days thereby reducing the number of active cases to three with 43 recoveries. Out of the 4715 tests conducted so far, the Ministry of Health has recorded 62 confirmed cases, 44 recoveries, 15 deaths (predominantly health service providers) and a fatality rate of 24.2%.

Tedros also lauded Rwanda’s long-term investments in healthcare, which have strengthened its capacity to manage such crises. He emphasized that the country’s health infrastructure now allows it to offer critical care that is deployed both in routine medical situations and in emergencies.

He acknowledged the international collaboration in Rwanda’s fight against Marburg. Rwanda has initiated trials for vaccines and therapeutics and these efforts, according to Tedros, demonstrate the country’s forward-thinking approach to pandemic preparedness and the country’s hard work towards reaching WHO’s maturity level 3 in its regulatory framework.

He expressed satisfaction with the available technological advancements in tracking and controlling the outbreak, noting that the National Command Center’s use of real-time information systems was crucial in coordinating the response.

“We believe these strategic investments will address the equity problems we faced during COVID-19,” he said.

Even though the WHO chief warned that vigilance must continue until the outbreak is officially declared over, he urged countries not to impose travel or trade restrictions on Rwanda, as they are unnecessary and could harm the country’s economy.

“We ask those countries which have imposed travel restrictions to reverse them,” he said, ensuring that Rwanda’s leadership in this outbreak response is recognized and supported by the global community.

The WHO’s praise for Rwanda’s achievements reinforces the country’s growing reputation as a leader in healthcare innovation and emergency response on the African continent.

Rwanda’s Minister of Health Dr Sabin Nsanzimana, echoed WHO’s recognition of the country’s progress, highlighting the significant milestone as a clear sign of the outbreak being brought under control.

“We’ve had zero infections and zero deaths consecutively for six days, which is a continuous improvement. This has been as a result of rigorous testing, contact tracing, and treatment strategies,” he said, expressing optimism that Rwanda could be soon be declared Marburg free.

“A critical aspect of Rwanda’s success has been its high level of care for patients, including life-saving interventions. The case fatality rate that stands at 24 is a reflection of the dedication of healthcare workers,” the Minister noted, underscoring the teamwork involved in saving lives.

In addition to critical care, Rwanda has taken proactive steps to vaccinate over 1,000 frontline healthcare workers and contacts of Marburg patients. This has provided an additional layer of protection and reassurance for those at the forefront of the fight against the virus.

The WHO standards and regulations stipulate that in case of an outbreak such as this, once there are no more patients in the treatment Centre and no new cases emerge, a country can be declared virus free after a period of 42 days.

The Rwandan government continues to work together with various partners to ensure that no cases are missed, and measures remain in place until the outbreak is fully contained.

Karongozi sheds light on the unique aspects of the case, including the controversial witnesses for the defense and their surprising claims, as well as the challenges faced in ensuring that the truth about the events of 1994 is fully revealed.

This interview offers a critical perspective on justice, the complexities of such trials, and the lasting impact on survivors.

IGIHE: Who is Eugène Rwamucyo?

Karongozi: Eugène Rwamucyo is a Rwandan who hails from Musanze district. He studied Occupational Health Sciences and was one of the Directors at the University of Rwanda Health Center in Huye district.

He is accused of planning and execution of the Genocide against the Tutsi in Butare. As someone who wielded significant influence, he is currently on trial and as usual is still presumed innocent. As representatives of the affected, we are striving to ensure the truth comes to light.

IGIHE: There have been many trials, what is unique about this one?

Karongozi: The first unique aspect about this case is that the defendant claims, in his view, that there should not have been so many political parties and even goes as far as bringing in witnesses whose testimony aligns with his narrative.

Among these witnesses are people like Ndindiriyimana, the former Commander of the Gendarmerie, Habyarimana Emmanuel, former Minister of Defense, Jean Marie Vianney Ndagijimana, former Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Jean Kambanda, the Prime Minister during the interim government, among others.

These individuals still hold on to ideologies that contributed to the Genocide against the Tutsi, and as we go through the trial, it becomes evident that holding onto such beliefs is inappropriate, especially when they led to the Genocide.

Additionally, there are international witnesses like Charles Onana, who was supposed to appear but later expressed uncertainty about attending. There are also people like Stephan Smith, a journalist for ‘Le Monde,’ and Hervé Deguine, among others, whose testimony contrasts with what is known about the Genocide against the Tutsi.

These witnesses seem to be defending Rwamucyo’s stance. While he acknowledges some atrocities, he denies having committed Genocide.

IGIHE: Why do the witnesses focus heavily on events in Butare?

Karongozi: You know that the Genocide in Butare started after Theodole Sindikubwabo’s speech on April 19, 1994, but even before this massacres were being planned and some going on unnoticed.

Rwamucyo is accused of participating in meetings organized by members of the Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (CDR), where plans for the killings were made.

The Genocide in Butare was executed in a shocking manner, with roadblocks set up everywhere, bulldozers and caterpillars brought from Kigali, prisoners forced to bury the dead, and mass graves filled with victims from various locations such as Matyazo, Ngoma Parish, the university buildings, Hotel Faucon, and the Butare Prefecture.

Even hospitals weren’t spared; patients were taken out and killed, their bodies dumped in pits. The genocide was conducted swiftly and in an organized manner.

There were security meetings at the Prefecture level, attended by figures like Higaniro, who was sentenced in Belgium, and various local officials, military officers, and police. These meetings determined who would be killed.

Rwamucyo is accused of being responsible for the disposal of bodies, but they buried some people before they had fully decomposed. The brutality was evident in how they quickly moved around, leaving no place untouched.

IGIHE: How are the plaintiffs seeking reparations handling the case?

Karongozi: In any trial, plaintiffs’ rights are respected, and this is no exception. We’ve seen individuals speaking with knowledge of the country and providing insights into how things were.

We’ve heard from people like Herene Dumant, a historian, and Damien Vandermeersch, who started the Butare trials in Belgium. Jean François Dupaquier, a renowned journalist, also testified. These people have a reputation for telling the truth about the Genocide against the Tutsi.

We also saw people from Médecins Sans Frontières, like Rony Zakaria, who was helping people in hospitals but had to flee after witnessing the massacre of the patients.

Other individuals continue to tell the truth, and as lawyers, we fight for that truth because we have become accustomed to these trials, even though each one has its unique aspects.

We are still expecting more survivors to testify, as they are the foundation of our history in these trials. Their experiences and what they heard or witnessed are deeply respected in court. While Rwamucyo’s representatives may question them, it is not as harsh as in Arusha, where witnesses were sometimes mistreated.

Here, the trial respects both sides, and we believe that the truth will continue to emerge.bWe have two more weeks left, and our schedule aims to conclude by the end of October.

IGIHE: A witness claimed that they went to kill with Rwamucyo, but Rwamucyo denies knowing them. What does this mean?

Karongozi: It appears to be a strategy, as he claims not to know almost everyone, although it’s understandable that after 30 years, one might forget certain people. However, it seems improbable that one would forget everyone.
These are individuals he worked with, such as drivers and secretaries, people he encountered regularly, so denying knowledge of them is difficult to comprehend.

Another example that puzzled us was when he claimed not to know the nearby multipurpose building. There are moments where you can tell he is exaggerating, but it is his right to remain silent.

IGIHE: What has surprised you the most in this trial?

Karongozi: It’s the way witnesses for the defense seem to mock us. Jean Kambanda, for instance, claimed that it was the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) that killed people in Butare, referencing Robert Kajuga.

Others echoed similar statements, including Rwamucyo, who denies that the killings were planned.
Some also argue that the killings were fueled by anger following the shooting down of Habyarimana’s plane. But how could this anger travel over 100 kilometers to Butare, where Tutsis were then killed?

Was this anger hidden for over 10 days, only to erupt later? It clearly contradicts the claim that the Genocide wasn’t planned.

We have shown evidence dating back to 1990, even from Dr. Abel Dushimimana, who was arrested as a spy despite being a Hutu. When asked why he was arrested, he said he didn’t know, but that it might have been because of his appearance, suggesting that Rwamucyo looked more like a Tutsi than he did.

Do you remember in 1990 when older people like Kamugunga and Gakuba were killed, and students like Munyeshuri and Modeste Mungwarareba, who led the Seminary, along with Father Musoni, were imprisoned?
They fired shots in the night of October 4-5, 1990, claiming that the RPF had reached Kigali. The next day, over 8,000 people were arrested. All of this had been planned.

IGIHE: After handling many cases like this, how do you, as a Rwandan lawyer, approach them?

Karongozi: I’ve developed a practice of visiting the locations where the accused are alleged to have committed their crimes before the trial starts. Even though I spent many years in Butare, I go there to speak with the people we are defending, as many cannot come to court here.

I visit various sites to understand the current situation, especially where new buildings have been constructed, so I can be informed. I also gather information myself—not by conducting investigations but by listening to survivors to ensure I have enough knowledge for the case.

It’s an ongoing battle, and with my colleague Gisagara, we have the advantage of understanding Kinyarwanda, so when people use terms like ‘kora’ (work) or ‘kubohora’ (liberate), we understand the meaning fully.
karirima@igihe.com

Speaking during a recent interview, UNMISS Malakal Upper Nile Sector Commander Brig Gen Nakul Rayamajhi emphasized how the collaborative efforts of various contingents, including Rwanabat-2, INBAT-1, and BAN-FMU, helped maintain peace and prevent the loss of lives.

“It’s a success story wherein the collaborative efforts of the entire force, entire sector—north, the Rwanabat-2, the previous contingent, INBAT-1, the previous contingent, and BAN-FMU—were able to control the situation and prevent loss of lives,” he said.

The Commander highlighted several key achievements, including a crucial operation in May, which saw RDF troops play a proactive role in controlling unrest. He attributed their success to the training and readiness of their forces, noting that their approach helped minimize casualties.

“We had just about eight losses, including those four there, the fifth one here outside the POC, and I think three in the town. About eight to ten losses, including injured,” he recounted, labeling it the “second success story.”

Additionally, the RDF has been instrumental in engaging local communities in areas like Nasir County, where a youth mobilization effort to raid cattle due to unemployment was peacefully halted. The Commander detailed how Rwanabat-2, along with local authorities, engaged with the community and the county commissioner to defuse the situation, preventing further violence. “That mobilization was halted, thereby saving lives,” he said.

UNMISS has also introduced integrated medical campaigns to address healthcare needs in remote areas. The Commander explained that RDF medical personnel collaborate with other contingents to attend to emergencies during patrols, offering vital treatment and medicines to affected populations.

He pointed to a recent operation in New Fangak, where RDF medics, alongside other personnel, treated over 270 women and children displaced by floods, providing much-needed malaria medicine.

“Quite a stock of medicines, including malaria tablets for approximately 250 persons, was presented to the county commissioner by Rwanabat and INBAT,” the Commander noted.
The success stories underscore the important role RDF troops play in UNMISS’s broader efforts to protect civilians and promote stability in South Sudan.

The Commander also emphasized that small, consistent steps taken by RDF forces, such as teaching unarmed combat to girls in conflict zones, have the potential to save lives and empower vulnerable communities.

The current conflict in South Sudan, though somewhat reduced in intensity, stems from deep-seated political, ethnic, and resource-related issues that have plagued the country since its independence in 2011.

South Sudan’s journey to statehood began with decades of civil war between Sudan and the southern regions, culminating in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, which led to a 2011 referendum for independence. However, internal conflicts soon emerged, primarily driven by political power struggles and ethnic tensions.

Dr. Joseph Karemera’s journey through life was intertwined with those he cared for, beginning in Umutoni’s family home in Kireka, Kampala, where he stayed while studying at Kololo Secondary School in the early 1980s. He developed a strong bond with her father and they shared a lot.

His warmth extended to many young people who lived in the home where Umutoni’s parents Rutwaza Leonidas and Didasiana Kiguzi treated every child as their own including Karemera.

“My parents instilled in us resilience and self-confidence, even in the face of adversity. When we were ridiculed for being called “Rwandese” during our time as refugees, Uncle Karemera empowered us by affirming our identity,” Umutoni said.

“There is nothing wrong with being Rwandese, he would say, dissolving any insecurities we harbored and replacing them with pride,” she recalled

Umutoni says that as a role model, Karemera ignited aspirations in many, including herself. His pursuit of medicine inspired her to dream of becoming a doctor. She passed all her science subjects but due to unforeseen circumstances arrived two weeks late at the school and science classes were full. Karemera personally encouraged her toward the arts section and she eventually pursed law at the university.

“His unwavering support taught me to excel in any path I chose. Later, when I hesitated during law school, he reminded me of our shared determination, famously saying, “Rwandese never quit!” His faith in us never wavered, and his mentorship stretched far beyond academics,” she said.

“Afande Karemera’s generosity knew no bounds. He opened his home to students and family alike, whether during our school holidays in Kenya (Lamu, Mombasa, Machakos, Nakuru, Nairobi Kenyatta Hospital). He accommodated us in his home in Uganda, or Rwanda. He shared what little he had with everyone, a testament to his selflessness and genuine care for those around him.”

His dedication to education was unwavering, as he continuously supported young people’s endeavors, even in times of personal difficulty. Umutoni remembers when she had a two-year-old (Amanda Akaliza), was pregnant with her second child (Paula Kami) and couldn’t afford tuition for a master’s degree.

He encouraged and facilitated her studies, proving that challenges should never hinder ambition. Pregnancy is not a disease he would say, “with hard-work and determination you will make it.”

“But perhaps what truly defined Karemera was his patriotism. Long before Rwanda’s liberation struggle reached its crescendo, he planted the seeds of love for our homeland in us,” she says.

He foresaw the importance of everyone’s participation in building a free Rwanda and never failed to remind each one of the need to fight for that vision. His early involvement in the formation of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) in 1987 showed his deep commitment to the cause.

His service as Head of Medical Services during the liberation struggle embodied his unyielding dedication to the wellbeing of others and it is an achievement that should be documented because it was a very critical role that was much need by everyone on the battlefield.

“I first new about plans for Liberation in his home and like he did to many young people, he shaped my decisions to join the liberation struggle. I later served with him in Government, we became ambassadors almost at the same time. all this long he was mentoring me.” says Umutoni.

Dr. Karemera was more than just a doctor, minister, or diplomat. He was a visionary leader a comrade whose actions were rooted in love for his country and for his people. Whether as Minister of Health, of education, promoting education in sciences and other courses, or as a diplomat, negotiating and advocating tirelessly for Rwanda’s benefit, he exemplified patriotism and integrity in every role he held.

“He was very loyal to the leadership of the country and this is something he instilled in all around him. Leadership structure, discipline and following guidance of the country were key virtues in his life.”

“In his passing, I reflect on the monumental role he played in shaping not just our nation but the lives of all who had the privilege to know him and be guided by him. We appreciate Karemera’s family for embracing all of us. To Mrs. Ann Karemera, we thank you for sharing him with us, and for your own role as a heroine alongside him. Besides every Hero there is a Heroine and vice versa.”

“You were very young when he left you to join the armed struggle. The sacrifices of the many women who were left with young children, pregnant or newly married and yet you supported all these families. You all deserve to be honored and remembered,” Umutoni emphasized.

“Uncle Karemera, your legacy will live on through the lives you touched, the wisdom you shared, and the love you gave so freely. You will forever remain in our hearts, you are seated with the Lord, watching over us as we and the generations to come continue the work you and your comrades began,” she concluded.

I dedicate this poem as a tribute to You my mentor, parent, dear friend, my guardian Angel; known to many as simply « Uncle Karemera »
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To my dear mentor and anchor, My treasured guardian
In the quiet shadows where memories reside,
I will always cherish your guide.
In wisdom, like an eagle you taught me to soar,
Each lesson a treasure, each word I adore.
With discipline amid laughter you remain a beacon of kindness and a source of inspiration and pride.
In your nurturing voice, I found strength, you are my mentor and a compass forever true.
In the depths of my heart, your light shines strong and laughter lingers on.
As stars shine above, I’ll carry your wisdom.
So here’s to my mentor, my friend: Time after time I will honor your name.
In my heart you will continue to bloom just the same.
Fare thee well to a true guardian Angel
We will carry your memory with us always.
Yours truly Ambassador Christine Umutoni Nyinawumwami
(One of the many that you mentored)